Semana 11 Inglés Técnico 2

Technical English 2
Semana 11
Inst. carmen muñoz villalobos

Flight Instrument Panels
Flight instrument panel
• The flight instrument panel is the
place in front of the pilot in a
cockpit which contains the
instruments which provide the pilot
with information to safely fly their
plane. On this panel are a lot of
different dials (circular instruments
like clocks). These dials provide the
pilot with different types of
information (e.g. speed, altitude,
how much a plane is turning etc...).
Flight instruments
Flight instruments are the instruments in the cockpit
of an aircraft that provide the pilot with information
about the flight situation of that aircraft, such
as altitude, airspeed, vertical speed, heading and
much more other crucial information. They improve
safety by allowing the pilot to fly the aircraft in level
flight, and make turns, without a reference outside the
aircraft such as the horizon. Visual flight rules (VFR)
require an airspeed indicator, an altimeter, and a
compass or other suitable magnetic direction
indicator. Instrument flight rules (IFR) additionally
require a gyroscopic pitch-bank (artificial horizon),
direction (directional gyro) and rate of turn indicator,
plus a slip-skid indicator, adjustable altimeter, and a
clock. Flight into Instrument meteorological
conditions (IMC) require radio navigation instruments
for precise takeoffs and landings.
Flight instruments
The term is sometimes used loosely as a synonym for cockpit instruments as a whole, in which context it
can include engine instruments, navigational and communication equipment. Many modern aircraft
have electronic flight instrument systems.
Most regulated aircraft have these flight instruments as dictated by the US Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 14, Part 91. They are grouped according to pitot-static system, compass systems,
and gyroscopic instruments.
The Six Pack:
Aircraft Instruments Explained
In 1937, the Royal Air Force selected six critical instruments to

be installed in nearly all of its aircraft. Adopted by both
commercial and general aviation aircraft manufacturers for
decades thereafter, the arrangement became known as the “six
pack.
What are the Six Basic
Aircraft Instruments?
A quick scan of the six pack provides the pilot with current information on aircraft speed, altitude,
climb/descent, attitude, heading, and turning/banking. Individually, the six pack instruments are:
• Airspeed Indicator (ASI)
• Altimeter
• Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
• Attitude Indicator (AI)
• Heading Indicator (HI)
• Turn Coordinator (TC)
The Pilot Six Pack Explained
• The instruments in the six pack are powered by various aircraft
systems. The ASI, altimeter, and VSI use the pitot-static system, which
provides ram air pressure from the pitot tube and ambient pressure
from the static port. Only the ASI uses the pitot tube; all three
instruments use the static port.
• The AI, HI, and turn indicator are gyroscopic instruments that contain
an internal gyro powered by vacuum, pressure, or electrical power.
Airspeed
Indicator
The ASI uses the pressure differential in the pitot-static system
to measure and display the aircraft’s speed. In most aircraft the
ASI displays speed in knots or miles per hour. A needle points
to the aircraft’s current indicated air speed (IAS). Standard
color-coded markings provide various critical speed information
for that model of aircraft, including stall, flap setting, normal
operating, caution, and never exceed speeds. The table below
shows what the colors on an airspeed indicator mean.
Airspeed Indicator Markings
Marking Color Type Meaning
Flap operating range

White Arc Bottom: Flaps-down stall speed (VS0)
Top: Maximum airspeed for full flaps extended (VFE)
Normal operating range
Green Arc Bottom: Flaps-up stall speed (VS1)
Top: Maximum structural cruising speed (VN0)
Blue Line Airspeed for best single-engine rate-of-climb at gross weight and sea level
Caution area
Yellow Arc Bottom: Maximum structural cruising speed (VN0)
Top: Never exceed speed (VNE)
Red Line Never exceed speed (VNE)
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Semana 11 Inglés Técnico 2

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Technical English 2

Inst. carmen muñoz villalobos

In 1937, the Royal Air Force selected six critical instruments to

Marking Color Type Meaning

Flap operating range

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