Biological Rhythms

BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS
GROUP D
 Mehreen Nasir
 Hafiza Aiman Ikram
 Khaula Habib
 Mahum Shabbir
 Soha Akbar
 Ali Raza
CONTENTS
 Chronobiology
 Biological Rhythms
 How it works
 History
 Types
 Parameters
 Properties
 Synchronizing to rhythms
 In different Species (human, plants, animals, birds)
 Disorders
 Chronotherapy
Chronobiology
 Definition
 Chronobiology comes from the ancient Greek word chronos, means "time" and biology,
means ‘’study of life’’.
‘‘Chronobiology is a branch of biology that examines timing processes, including
periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms.’’
 Natural cycle that is studied by chronobiologists is the circadian rhythm that governs
our sleep schedule.
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM
 Definition
‘‘A behavior that occur in an organisms after specific interval of time is called biological
rhythm.’’
 These activities are cyclic in nature.
 These rhythms are the series of bodily functions regulated by your internal clock.
 Example
 Sleep wake cycle
 Hormone secretion
 Migration
 Aestivation and hibernation
How biological rhythm works?
 Biological rhythms are tied to an internal clock in brain called the suprachiasmatic
nucleus (SCN). It is located in hypothalamus. This is the area of brain that manages the
autonomic nervous system and the pituitary gland. SCN sends signals throughout the
day to regulate body’s activity.
 In cycles. Most biological rhythms work in roughly 24-hour cycles. Others, such as
menstrual cycles, work over longer timeframes. Each type of biological rhythm has a
certain name to show how long it lasts:
 Diurnal (night and day)
 Circadian (24 hours)
 Ultradian (less than 24 hours)
 Infradian (1 month)
 Circannual (1 year)
History
 4th BC:- openig and closing of leaves of Tamanrindus indius plant
 1829-1832:- Demarian and Decandolle observed the periodic sleep of
Mimosa plant
 1880:- Charles and Wilhem observed endogenous rhythmic nature
 1936:- Ervin Banning said organism have endogenous rhythm are
independent of environment
Types
 Diurnal (night and day)
 Circadian (24 hours)
 Ultradian (less than 24 hours)
 Infradian/Circalunar (1 month)
 Circannual (1 year)
Continue…
 circadian rhythms: the 24-hour cycle that includes physiological and behavioral rhythms
like sleeping
 diurnal rhythms: the circadian rhythm synced with day and night
 ultradian rhythms: biological rhythms with a shorter period and higher frequency than
circadian rhythms
 infradian rhythms: biological rhythms that last more than 24 hours, such as a menstrual
cycle
Parameters
 Each biological rhythm is composed of repeating units called cycles.
 The length of time required to complete an entire cycle is the period.
 The magnitude of the change in activity rate during a cycle-the difference
between peaks and toughs is the amplitude.
 Any specified recognizable part of a cycle is called a phase.
Properties of Biological Rhythms
 have self-sustaining pacemaker mechanism

 maintain their normal cyclicity even in absence of environmental cues
 are affected by metabolic poison or inhibition
 are genetically transmitted
 influence daily functioning
Synchronizing To Rhythms
 Endogenous Biological Rhythms
 Exogenous Biological Rhythms
Endogenous Biologic Rhythms

 Comes from within and are regulated by organism itself
 Doesn't involve environmental cues
 e.g,menstrual cycle, body temperature cycle, frog's activity period
Exogenous Biological Rhythms
 Environmental cues are involved
 Results of external factors such as change in seasons, transitions from day to
night, noise food, sunlight, etc
 e.g,sleep, opening and closing of flowers, mosquitos and housefly activity
Biological rhythms in humans
 Biological rhythm is present in human in their different physiological
functions like:
a. Sleep-wake cycle
b. Hormone release
c. Temperature regulation
d. Digestion and metabolism
Biological rhythms in Animals
 Biological rhythms are present in animals in their different processes like::
a. Migration
b. Reproduction
c. Feeding
Biological Rhythms in Plants
 Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best
chance of attracting pollinators
 Most of plants rhythms are endogenous as well as exogenous
 For Example,
1. opening of flower at dawn and closing at dusk
2. Germination of seeds
Biological Rhythms in Birds
 In birds, biological clock function pervades all aspects of biology, controlling daily
changes
 Birds represent an excellent model for the role played by biological clocks in human
neurobiology
 Example,
 Singing frequency of birds
 The behavioral photoperiod change is caused by changes in song center of brain
DISORDERS
Disorders may develop when natural biological rhythms are disturbed. These
disorders include
 Sleep Disorders
 Jet lag
 Mood disorders (can cause bipolar disorder)
 Shift work disorders
 Effects of Biological Rhythm Disorders
 Diagnosis
 Treatment

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BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS

 have self-sustaining pacemaker mechanism

Endogenous Biologic Rhythms

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