REUSE AND RECYCLE OF PAPER

PREPARED BY:DEEP SHAH ROLL NO:22 FACULTY:CHIRAG SHAH

HOW IS PAPER RECYCLED???

SORTING COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTING STORAGE REPULPING AND SCREENING CLEANING DEINKING REFINING,BLEACHING AND COLOUR STRIPPING PAPER MAKING

SORTING

Successful recycling requires clean recovered paper,

so you must keep your paper free from contaminants, such as food, plastic, metal, and other trash, which make paper difficult to recycle. Contaminated paper which cannot be recycled must be composted, burned for energy, or land filled. Recycling centers usually ask that you sort your paper by grade, or type of paper. Local recycling center can tell you how to sort paper for recycling in the community.

COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION

You may take your sorted paper to a local recycling

center or recycling bin. Often, a paper stock dealer or recycling center will collect recovered paper from your home or office. Your local dealer can tell you the options available in your community. At the recycling center, the collected paper is wrapped in tight bales and transported to a paper mill, where it will be recycled into new paper.

STORAGE
Paper mill workers unload the recovered paper and

put it into warehouses, where it is stored until needed. The various paper grades, such as newspapers and corrugated boxes, are kept separate, because the paper mill uses different grades of recovered paper to make different types of recycled paper products. When the paper mill is ready to use the paper, forklifts trucks move the paper from the warehouse to large conveyors.

RE-PULPING AND SCREENING

called a pulpier, which contains water and chemicals. The pulpier chops the recovered paper into small pieces. Heating the mixture breaks the paper down more quickly into tiny strands of cellulose (organic plant material) called fibers. Eventually, the old paper turns into a mushy(soft) mixture called pulp. The pulp is forced through screens containing holes and slots of various shapes and sizes. The screens remove small contaminants such as bits of plastic and globs of glue. This process is called screening.

CLEANING
Mills also clean pulp by spinning it around in large

cone-shaped cylinders. Heavy contaminants like staples are thrown to the outside of the cone and fall through the bottom of the cylinder. Lighter contaminants collect in the center of the cone and are removed. This process is called cleaning.

DEINKING
Larger particles and stickies are removed with air bubbles in Sometimes the pulp must undergo a pulp laundering

operation called deinking (de-inking) to remove printing ink and stickies (sticky materials like glue residue and adhesives). Papermakers often use a combination of two deinking processes. Small particles of ink are rinsed from the pulp with water in a process called washing another process called flotation. During flotation deinking, pulp is fed into a large vat called a flotation cell, where air and soap- like chemicals call surfactants are injected into the pulp. The surfactants cause ink and stickies to loosen from the pulp and stick to the air bubbles as they float to the top of the mixture. The inky air bubbles create foam or froth which is removed from the top, leaving the clean pulp behind.

REFINING,BLEACHING AND COLOUR STRIPPING

fibers swell(become larger), making them ideal for papermaking. If the pulp contains any large bundles of fibers, refining separates them into individual fibers. If the recovered paper is colored, color stripping chemicals remove the dyes from the paper. Then, if white recycled paper is being made, the pulp may need to be bleached with hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, or oxygen to make it whiter and brighter. If brown recycled paper is being made, such as that used for industrial paper towels, the pulp does not need to be bleached.

PAPERMAKING
Now the clean pulp is ready to be made into paper. The

recycled fiber can be used alone, or blended with new wood fiber (called virgin fiber) to give it extra strength or smoothness. The pulp is mixed with water and chemicals to make it 99.5% water. This watery pulp mixture enters the head box, a giant metal box at the beginning of the paper machine, and then is sprayed in a continuous wide jet onto a huge flat widescreen which is moving very quickly through the paper machine. On the screen, water starts to drain from the pulp, and the recycled fibers quickly begin to bond together to form a watery sheet. The sheet moves rapidly through a series of feltcovered press rollers which squeeze out more water.

PAPERMAKING (CONT.)
The sheet, which now resembles paper, passes through a

series of heated metal rollers which dry the paper. If coated paper is being made, a coating mixture can be applied near the end of the process, or in a separate process after the papermaking is completed. coating gives paper a smooth, glossy surface for printing. Finally, the finished paper is wound into a giant roll and removed from the paper machine. One roll can be as wide as 30 feet and weigh as much as 20 tons! The roll of paper is cut into smaller rolls, or sometimes into sheets, before being shipped to a converting plant where it will be printed or made into products such as envelopes, paper bags, or boxes.

REUSE OF PAPER
Most recovered paper is recycled back into paper and

paperboard products. With a few exceptions, recovered paper is generally recycled into a grade similar to, or of lower quality than, the grade of the original product. For example, old corrugated boxes are used to make new recycled corrugated boxes. Recovered printing and writing paper can be used to make new recycled copy paper. Recovered paper can be used in a variety of other products as well. Recycled pulp can be molded into egg cartons and fruit trays. Recovered paper can be used for fuel, ceiling and wall insulation, paint filler, and roofing. Nearly 100,000 tons of shredded paper is used each year for animal bedding. Even cat litter can be made from recovered paper!

CONTINUED
The worlds first piece of paper was made from recycled

material around 2000 B.C., the Chinese used old fishing nets to make the worlds very first piece of paper. Paper recycling has been around as long as paper itself. Paper companies have always recognized the environmental and economic benefits of recycling. In recent years, paper recycling has become popular with everyone as a way to help protect our environment by reusing our resources and conserving landfill space. Today, about 87% of the more than 520 paper and paperboard mills in the U.S. recycle some recovered paper. Today, recovered paper provides over one-third of all the fiber used at U.S. mills.

CONTINUED.
Americans recover nearly 50% of all the paper they use. More paper is recovered in the United States than is sent

to landfills. In the U.S., paper accounts for two-thirds of all the packaging material recovered for recycling -- more than glass, metal, and plastic combined! Recovered paper supplies close to 40% of the fiber used to make all paper and paperboard products in the U.S. Every day, U.S. papermakers recycle enough paper to fill a 15-mile long train of boxcars. A typical newsprint machine produces as many as 500 tons of paper every day. In the early 21st century, use of recovered paper is projected to grow twice as fast as the use of wood pulp.