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    Mendelian Genetics

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    Behati Batungbakal
    1. Mendel conducted experiments breeding pea plants to study inheritance of traits from parents to offspring. 2. He found that traits are governed by factors (now known as genes) that exist in different forms (alleles) and that some alleles are dominant and mask recessive alleles. 3. Through his experiments with pea plants, Mendel discovered the principles of genetic segregation and independent assortment, which explain the patterns of inheritance he observed in the generations of pea plants.

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    Mendelian Genetics

    Uploaded by

    Behati Batungbakal
    27 views26 pages
    1. Mendel conducted experiments breeding pea plants to study inheritance of traits from parents to offspring. 2. He found that traits are governed by factors (now known as genes) that exist in different forms (alleles) and that some alleles are dominant and mask recessive alleles. 3. Through his experiments with pea plants, Mendel discovered the principles of genetic segregation and independent assortment, which explain the patterns of inheritance he observed in the generations of pea plants.

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    Mendelian-Genetics

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    1. Mendel conducted experiments breeding pea plants to study inheritance of traits from parents to offspring. 2. He found that traits are governed by factors (now known as genes) that exist in different forms (alleles) and that some alleles are dominant and mask recessive alleles. 3. Through his experiments with pea plants, Mendel discovered the principles of genetic segregation and independent assortment, which explain the patterns of inheritance he observed in the generations of pea plants.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    27 views26 pages

    Mendelian Genetics

    Uploaded by

    Behati Batungbakal
    1. Mendel conducted experiments breeding pea plants to study inheritance of traits from parents to offspring. 2. He found that traits are governed by factors (now known as genes) that exist in different forms (alleles) and that some alleles are dominant and mask recessive alleles. 3. Through his experiments with pea plants, Mendel discovered the principles of genetic segregation and independent assortment, which explain the patterns of inheritance he observed in the generations of pea plants.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Patterns of Inheritance

    What patterns can be observed


    when traits are passed to the
    next generation?
    Use of the Garden Pea for Genetics Experiments
    Principles of Heredity
    Mendel’s Experiment with Peas

    Round seed x Wrinkled seed

    F1: All round seed coats

    F1 round plants x F1 round plants

    F2: 5474 round: 1850 wrinkled


    (3/4 round to 1/4 wrinkled)
    Principles of Heredity

    Mendel needed to explain

    1. Why one trait seemed to disappear


    in the first generation.

    2. Why the same trait reappeared in


    the second generation in one-fourth
    of the offspring.
    Principles of Heredity
    Mendel proposed:

    1. Each trait is governed by two


    factors – now called genes.

    2. Genes are found in alternative


    forms called alleles.

    3. Some alleles are dominant and


    mask alleles that are recessive.
    Principles of Heredity
    Mendel’s Experiment with Peas

    Round seed x Wrinkled seed


    RR rr
    Homozygous Homozygous
    Dominant Recessive

    F1: All round seed coats


    Rr
    Heterozygous
    Homozygous parents can only pass one
    form of an allele to their offspring.

    R R R R
    Heterozygous parents can pass either
    of two forms of an allele to their offspring.

    R r R r
    Principles of Heredity

    Additional Genetic Terms

    Genotype: alleles carried by an


    individual eg. RR, Rr, rr

    Phenotype: physical characteristic or


    appearance of an individual
    eg. Round, wrinkled
    Mendel’s Principle of Genetic
    Segregation

    In the formation of gametes, the members of a


    pair of alleles separate (or segregate) cleanly
    from each other so that only one member is
    included in each gamete.

    Each gamete has an equal probability of


    containing either member of the allele pair.
    Genetic Segregation
    Parentals: F1 x F1:
    RR x rr Rr x Rr
    Genetic Segregation

    Genotypic Ratio:

    Phenotypic Ratio:
    Seven Traits used by Mendel in Genetic Studies
    What Is a Gene?

    • A gene is a segment of DNA that directs


    the synthesis of a specific protein.

    • DNA is transcribed into RNA which is


    translated into protein.
    Molecular Basis for Dominant and
    Recessive Alleles

    Dominant Allele Codes for a functional


    protein

    Recessive Allele Codes for a non-


    functional protein or
    prevents any protein
    product from forming
    Principles of Heredity
    Mendel’s Experiment with Peas

    Round Yellow x Wrinkled Green

    F1: All round yellow seed coats

    F1 plants x F1 plants

    F2: 315 round, yellow 9/16


    108 round, green 3/16
    101 wrinkled, yellow 3/16
    32 wrinkled, green 1/16
    Principles of Heredity

    Mendel needed to explain

    1. Why non-parental combinations


    appeared in the F2 offspring.

    2. Why the ratio of phenotypes in the


    F2 generation was 9:3:3:1.
    Mendel’s Principle of
    Independent Assortment

    When gametes are formed, the


    alleles of one gene segregate
    independently of the alleles of
    another gene producing equal
    proportions of all possible gamete
    types.
    Genetic Segregation +
    Independent Assortment
    Parentals:
    RRYY x rryy

    F1:
    F1 x F1:
    RrYy x RrYy
    F2 Genotypes and Phenotypes

    Phenotypes Genotypes
    Round
    Yellow
    Round
    Green

    Wrinkled Yellow

    Wrinkled Green
    Meiotic Segregation explains Independent Assortment
    Solving Genetics Problems

    1. Convert parental phenotypes to


    genotypes
    2. Use Punnett Square to determine
    genotypes of offspring
    3. Convert offspring genotypes to
    phenotypes
    A Trihybrid Cross Example
    • Using Mendel’s Sweet Peas A trihybrid cross is between two
    individuals that are heterozygous for three different traits. We will
    build on previous examples and again examine pea shape and
    pea color and then a new trait: pod shape. The same rules as
    before apply for shape and color (round is completely dominant
    to wrinkled, and green is completely dominant to yellow). Pea
    pod shape follows similar rules, with smooth pods being
    completely dominant to constricted pods. Therefore,
    homozygous-dominant and heterozygous individuals will have
    smooth pods, while homozygous-recessive individuals will have
    constricted pea pods. Our trihybrid cross example: RrYyCc x
    RrYyCc is a trihybrid cross

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