Topic 2 - Newton's Laws

RECAP
Motion in 1-Dimension
• Horizontal motion
(motion along the x)
• Vertical motion – Free

Fall (motion along the y)
where g is equal to -9.8 m/s2

RECAP
Motion in 2-Dimensions: Projectile motion
• Zero acceleration along the x • Acceleration equals to g along the y

(constant velocity) (constant acceleration)
TOPIC 2: NEWTON’S LAWS
PHY052: Physics for Engineers
Forces
• We encounter forces in our daily life
Push or pull action

Gravitational force
Electromagnetism
Lifting objects
Force is a vector quantity.
Denoted by symbol F
unit of force is in Newtons
1 N = 1 kg.m/s2
F1 
F2 F
=
F3 F4
      
 F  F1  F2  F3  F4
NEWTON’S THREE LAWS OF MOTION
These laws relate

force to
acceleration,
motion and mass of
the body.
These laws allows

us to predict motion
of a certain system.
FIRST LAW
At rest
“ Any body will remain at
rest or in motion in a
straight line with a
In motion constant velocity
unless acted upon by
an outside force.”

INERTIA
- the tendency of the body to resist
motion or changes in motion.
* The greater the mass of an object, the

greater is its inertia and the greater is
the force needed to accelerate it.
Second Law
Mathematical
representation:
Fnet = ma
where
m = mass
a = acceleration
Fnet
– - net external force
* Forces in the intermolecular level are not
counted
Third Law: Action and Reaction Law
“Whenever a body
exerts a force on a
second body, the
second body exerts a
force back on the
first that is equal in
magnitude and
opposite in
direction.”
Correct way to view it:
Concept Question
Why do you feel yourself being pushed back in
to the seat of an airplane on takeoff? Explain
in terms of Newton’s laws of motion.
Free Body Diagram FBD
• A technique used to simplify a problem. The
forces are indicated as arrow lines with
direction.
TYPES OF FORCES
Weight
- defined to be the force of gravity on an
object.
- location dependent.
W = mg
* In calculating weights, g is always taken to be

positive.
Friction Force and Normal Force
Normal force – the
perpendicular force
exerted by the surface to
an object resting on it.
Symbol: N
* In a horizontal surface, the

normal force acting to an object
resting on the surface is equal to
the object’s weight in magnitude
but opposite in direction.
Friction Force
Friction force results from physical contact

between two surfaces.
Two types of Friction Force

1. Kinetic Friction
2. Static Friction
Static Friction
This is the friction force associated with objects at rest. This force resists force that is
applied to an object, and the object remains at rest until the force of static friction is
overcome
where :
µs = coefficient of kinetic friction
N = normal force
Kinetic Friction
This is the friction force associated with objects in motion. This force resists the motion of
an object.
where :
µk = coefficient of kinetic friction
N = normal force
Coefficients of Kinetic and Static Friction
Two types of surfaces Kinetic Static
Friction Friction
Static friction is Rubber on dry concrete 0.7 1.0
always equal or larger in Rubber on wet concrete 0.5 0.7
value than kinetic Wood on wood 0.3 0.5
friction. Waxed wood on wet snow 0.1 0.14
This explains why you Metal on wood 0.3 0.5
need to exert a larger Steel on steel (dry) 0.3 0.6

Steel on steel (oiled) 0.03 0.05
force to move an object
Teflon on steel 0.04 0.04
from rest.
Bone lubricated with 0.015 0.016
In keeping the object in synovial fluid
motion or in constant Shoes on wood 0.7 0.9
velocity, you need lesser Shoes on ice 0.05 0.1
force. Ice on Ice 0.03 0.1
Steel on ice 0.02 0.4
TENSION
- This comes from the
Latin word meaning “to
stretch thin”
- This force is usually

observed when a load
hanged using a string,
rope, cable and chains.
- Symbol: T
Weighing Scales
Tension in the string

counteracts the force
of gravity and holds the
load up and prevents
the load from falling.
The tension is then
read as the weight.
Problem 1
Two masses m1 and m2 (with m2 > m1)
are connected by a massless rope
hung over a frictionless light pulley
(see figure to the right). After the
masses are released, calculate the 𝑎 ⃗
downward acceleration of m2. 𝒚
Newton’s Second Law 𝑇 ⃗
𝑎
∑ 𝐹 𝑦=𝑇 −𝑚1 𝑔=𝑚1 𝑎 𝑚1 𝑔

𝒚
∑ 𝐹 𝑦=𝑇 −𝑚2 𝑔=−𝑚2 𝑎 𝑇
𝑚2 𝑔
Newton’s Second Law
∑ 𝐹 𝑦=𝑇 −𝑚1 𝑔=𝑚1 𝑎

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=𝑇 −𝑚2 𝑔=−𝑚2 𝑎
⃗
𝑎
𝑇 −𝑚 1 𝑔=𝑚1 𝑎
_
𝒚
𝑇 −𝑚 2 𝑔=− 𝑚2 𝑎
𝑇 ⃗
𝑎
−𝑚1 𝑔+𝑚 2 𝑔=(𝑚 ¿ ¿ 1+𝑚2)𝑎¿
𝒚
g 𝑚1 𝑔
𝑇
𝑚2 𝑔
Problem 2
Two blocks connected by a rope of negligible mass are being
dragged by a horizontal force F. Suppose that F = 68.0 N, m1 =
12.0 kg, m2 = 18.0 kg, and the coefficient of kinetic friction
between each block and the surfaces 0.100.
a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block.

b) Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the system.
FBD

FBD

Add these two equations

Problem 3
A lamp with a mass m = 42.6 kg is hanging from wires as
shown in Figure 3. Determine the tension T1 in the vertical
wire, T2 and T3.
𝑇 2𝑦
𝒚 ∑ 𝐹 𝑥 =𝑇 3 𝑥 −𝑇 2 𝑥=0
¿𝑇 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30° −𝑇 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60 °=0
𝑇 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60 °
𝑇 3𝑦 𝑇 3=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 °
𝑇 2𝑥 𝑇 3𝑥
𝒙 ∑ 𝐹 𝑦=𝑇 3 𝑦 +𝑇 2 𝑦 −𝑇 1−=0417.48 𝑁 =0
¿𝑇 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 ° +𝑇 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 °
𝒘 =𝑻 𝟏
𝑇 2=361.55 𝑁
𝑻 𝟏 417.48 N
361.55 𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60 °
𝑇 3=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 °
𝑇 3=208. 74 𝑁
Problem 4
Block B in the figure weighs
711 N. The coefficient of
static friction between
block and table is 0.2;
assume that the cord
between B and the knot is
horizontal. Find the
maximum weight of block
A for which the system
will be stationary.
𝐍 𝑭𝑩𝑫 𝒐𝒇 𝑩
𝑇𝐴
𝒚
𝐍 ∑ 𝐹 𝑥 =𝑇 𝐵 − 𝑓 =0
𝑇 𝐵= 𝑓
𝑓
𝑇𝐵 𝑇𝐵
𝑓 𝑇𝐵
𝑤 𝐵=711 𝑁
𝒙
∑ 𝐹 𝑦=𝐍−𝑤𝐍=𝑤 𝐵 =0
𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝐍=711 𝑁
𝑤𝐵
𝑤𝐴 𝑓 =𝜇𝑠 𝐍
𝑓 =(0.2)(711 𝑁 )
𝑓 =142.2 𝑁 𝑇 𝐵 =142.2 𝑁
∑ 𝐹 𝑥 =𝑇 𝐴𝑥 −𝑇 𝐵=0∑ 𝐹 𝑦=𝑇 𝐴𝑦 −𝑤 𝐴=0

𝑭𝑩𝑫𝒚𝒐𝒇 𝑨
𝑇𝐴
𝑇 𝐴𝑦 𝑇 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 ° −142.2 𝑁 =0 𝑇 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 ° −𝑤 𝐴=0
142.2 𝑁 𝑤 𝐴 =𝑇 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 °
𝑇 𝐴=
𝒙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 0 °
𝑤 𝐴 =164.2 𝑁 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30°
𝑇𝐵 𝑇 𝐴𝑥
𝑤𝐴 𝑇 𝐴=164.2 𝑁
𝑤 𝐴 =82.1 𝑁
Problem 5
The figure at the side shown three blocks attached by cords that loop over
frictionless pulleys. Block B lies on a frictionless table; the masses are:
mA= 6.00 kg, mB = 8.00 kg, mC = 10.0 kg.
(a) When the blocks are released, what is the tension in the cord at the
right?
(b) What is the acceleration of the blocks and where is it directed?
Problem 6
A block of mass m1 = 3.70 kg on an
inclined plane of angle 300 is
connected by a cord over a massless,
frictionless pulley to a second block
of mass m2 = 2.30 kg hanging
vertically. The plane has a coefficient
of kinetic friction equal to 0.1. What
are
(a) The magnitude of the acceleration of
each block and
(b) The direction of the acceleration of
the hanging block?
(c) What is the tension in the cord?
𝑎⃗ 𝑭𝑩𝑫 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝟐
𝐍
𝑇 𝑇
𝑇
𝒚
∑ 𝐹 𝑦=𝑇 −𝑚2 𝑔=−𝑚2𝑎
𝑚1 𝑎+(0.1 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 °+𝑠𝑖𝑛30 °)𝑚1 𝑔 −𝑚 2 𝑔=− 𝑚
(𝑚 2 −(0.1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 °+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 ° )𝑚 1)
𝑎=
𝑓 − 𝑎⃗ 𝑚1 +𝑚2
𝑚2 𝑔
𝑚1 𝑔 (2 .3 𝑘𝑔 − ( 0.5866 ) (3.7 𝑘𝑔))(9.8 𝑚/ 𝑠 2
𝑚2 𝑔 𝑎=
3 .7 𝑘𝑔+2.3 𝑘𝑔
𝑭𝑩𝑫 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝟏
𝒚 𝐍
𝒙
∑ 𝐹 𝑦=𝐍−𝑚1 𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠30°=0
𝐍=𝑚1 𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 °
𝑎=0.21𝑚 /𝑠 2
𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑇 =(− 𝑎+ 𝑔)𝑚 2
𝑓 𝑇 𝑓 =𝜇𝑘 𝐍
𝑓 =0.1𝑚1 𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 30𝑇 °=(− 0.21 𝑚/𝑠 2+9.8 𝑚/ 𝑠2)(2.3 𝑘𝑔
𝑚1 𝑔
𝑇 =22.05 𝑁
∑ 𝐹 𝑥 =𝑇−𝑓 −𝑚1 𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛30°=𝑚1 𝑎

𝑇 − 0.1𝑚1 𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 ° −𝑚1 𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛30 °=𝑚1 𝑎
𝑇 =𝑚1 𝑎+(0.1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 °+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 ° )𝑚 1 𝑔
Thank you for
Listening
•End of Lesson 2

Topic 2 - Newton's Laws

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RECAP

• Vertical motion – Free

where g is equal to -9.8 m/s2

• Zero acceleration along the x • Acceleration equals to g along the y

Push or pull action

These laws relate

These laws allows

* The greater the mass of an object, the

* In calculating weights, g is always taken to be

* In a horizontal surface, the

Friction force results from physical contact

Two types of Friction Force

need to exert a larger Steel on steel (dry) 0.3 0.6

- This force is usually

Tension in the string

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=𝑇 −𝑚1 𝑔=𝑚1 𝑎 𝑚1 𝑔

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=𝑇 −𝑚2 𝑔=−𝑚2 𝑎 𝑇

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=𝑇 −𝑚1 𝑔=𝑚1 𝑎

a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block.

Add these two equations

∑ 𝐹 𝑥 =𝑇 𝐴𝑥 −𝑇 𝐵=0∑ 𝐹 𝑦=𝑇 𝐴𝑦 −𝑤 𝐴=0

∑ 𝐹 𝑥 =𝑇−𝑓 −𝑚1 𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛30°=𝑚1 𝑎

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