Fermentation: Presented By: Sagar Dutt 1 Year M.Pharm Sdpgips Pt. B.D. Sharma Uhsr

FERMENTATION
PRESENTED BY:
SAGAR DUTT
1st year M.Pharm
SDPGIPS
Pt. B.D. Sharma
UHSR
CONTENT
 BIOREACTORS
 FERMENTATION PROCESS
 DESIGN
 TYPES OF BIOREACTORS
 STAGES OF DOWNSTREAM PROCESS
 APPLICATION
BIOREACTORS
 Bioreactor are considered as large vessel in which

raw material are biologically converted into specific
products with the help of microorganisms.
 RAW MATERIAL PRODUCT
Microbes, plant or animal cell or enzymes

FERMENTATION
Fermentation processes utilize microorganism to
convert solid or liquid substrates into various
products.
 Commonly consumed fermented products include

bread, beer, wine, citric acid, vinegar etc.
DESIGN
 VESSEL : Material of construction like stainless steel, iron
and mixture of other metallic compounds.
 AERATION AND AGITATION : Aeration system [sparger]
 Sparger provide sufficient oxygen for metabolic requirement of
microorganism.
 Agitation system [impeller, baffles] make uniform suspension of
microbial cells in homogeneous nutrients medium.
 Baffles are used to minimize fluid swirling and vortex formation.
CONTROL AND MONITORING
 TEMPERATURE: Water jackets and pipe coils with
in bioreactor are used as means of temperature
control.
 PRESSURE: The correct pressure is maintained by
regulatory valves controlled by associated pressure
gauges.
 pH: Only sterilizable electrodes are used to control
pH.
 OXYGEN: It measured by dissolved oxygen probe.
ASEPTIC OPERATION AND CONTAINMENT
 Aseptic operation: Protection against contamination.

 Containment :
bioreactor must be sterilized prior to operation.
sterile air must be introduced into bioreactor.
inoculation and sampling must be done under aseptic
condition.
ports and nozzles must be sealed properly.
Airlift Bioreactors
 In airlift bioreactor the liquid culture volume of the vessel
is divided into two interconnected zones by means of a
baffle or draft tube.
 Only one of the two zones is sparged with air or other gas
and this sparged zone is known as the riser whereas the
other zone that receives no gas is called down-comer.
 The bulk density of the gas-liquid dispersion in the gas-
sparged riser tends to be lower than the bulk density in the
down-comer.
 Consequently the dispersion flows up in the riser zone
and down-flow occurs in the down-comer.
Merits:
• It provides reasonable mixing and oxygen transfer at low
shear.
• As it has no moving parts, it has less contamination
problem.
• Operating cost is lower than stirred tank reactor.
• This is one of the most suitable bioreactor types for
cultivation of plant cells on a large scale.
Demerit:
• Develop dead zones, due to insufficient mixing at high cell
density.
Continuous Stirred Tank
Bioreactors
• A continuous stirred tank bioreactor consists of a
cylindrical vessel with motor driven central shaft that
supports one or more agitators (impellers).
• The shaft is fitted at the bottom of the bioreactor.
• The number of impellers is variable and depends on
the size of the bioreactor i.e., height to diameter ratio,
referred to as aspect ratio.
• Several types of impellers (Rustom disc, concave
bladed, marine propeller etc.) are in use.
• The air is added to the culture medium under pressure
through a device called sparger.
• The sparger may be a ring with many holes or a tube
with a single orifice.
• The sparger along with impellers (agitators) enables
better gas distribution system throughout the vessel.
• The bubbles generated by sparger are broken down to
smaller ones by impellers and dispersed throughout the
medium.
• This enables the creation of a uniform and
homogeneous environment throughout the bioreactor.
Advantages:
* continuous operation
* good temperature control
* low operating cost
* easy to clean
* simplicity of construction
Disadvantages:
* need of shaft seals and bearings
* size limitation by motor size and
weight.
Photo-Bioreactors
• These are the bioreactors specialized for
fermentation that can be carried out either by
exposing to sunlight or artificial illumination.
• Since artificial illumination is expensive, only
the outdoor photo-bioreactors are preferred.
• Certain important compounds are produced by
employing photo-bioreactors e.g., beta-
carotene, astaxanthin.
Types of photobioreactors
• Continuous run
tubular loop
• Multiple Parallel
tube
• Helical wound
tubular loop
• Flat panel
configuration
• They are made up of glass or more commonly
transparent plastic.
• The array of tubes or flat panels constitute light
receiving systems (solar receivers).
• The culture can be circulated through the solar
receivers by methods such as using centrifugal
pumps or airlift pumps.
• It is essential that the cells are in continuous
circulation without forming sediments.
• Further adequate penetration of sunlight should be
maintained.
• The tubes should also be cooled to prevent rise in
temperature.
Bubble Column
Bioreactors
• Bubble column bioreactor is usually cylindrical with an
aspect (height to diameter) ratio of 4-6.
• Gas is sparged at the base of the column through perforated
pipes, perforated plates, or sintered glass or metal micro-
porous spargers.
• Oxygen transfer, mixing and other performance factors are
influenced mainly by the gas flow rate and the properties
of the fluid.
• Internal devices such as horizontal perforated plates,
vertical baffles and corrugated sheet packings may be
placed in the vessel to improve mass transfer and modify
the basic design.
Advantages:
• Provide high mass and heat

transfer areas without the
input of mechanical energy.
• Require minimum
maintenance.
Fluidized Bed Bioreactors
• Fluidized bed bioreactor is comparable to bubble
column bioreactor except the top position is
expanded to reduce the velocity of the fluid.
• The design of the fluidized bioreactors (expanded top
and narrow reaction column) is such that the solids
are retained in the reactor while the liquid flows out.
• These bioreactors are suitable for use to carry out
reactions involving fluid suspended biocatalysts such
as immobilized enzymes, immobilized cells, and
microbial flocs.
• For an efficient operation of fluidized
beds, gas is sparged to create a suitable gas-
liquid-solid fluid bed.
• Recycling of the liquid is important to
maintain continuous contact between the
reaction contents and biocatalysts.
• This enable good efficiency of
bioprocessing.
• It is also necessary to ensure that the
suspended solid particles are not too light
or too dense and they are in a good
suspended state.
STAGES OF DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING
 After the formation of the product in the bioreactor , it

undergoes some processes before a finished product.
removal of insoluble
product isolation
product purification
product finishing to marketing

APPLICATION
 It carried out all the fermentation processes.

 It play a core role in bioprocess.
 These device are being developed for use of tissue
engineering.
 FOOD INDUSTRIES
 PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES
 AGRICULTURE INDUSTRIES
 BEVERAGES etc.

Fermentation: Presented By: Sagar Dutt 1 Year M.Pharm Sdpgips Pt. B.D. Sharma Uhsr

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FERMENTATION

 Bioreactor are considered as large vessel in which

Microbes, plant or animal cell or enzymes

 Commonly consumed fermented products include

 Aseptic operation: Protection against contamination.

• Provide high mass and heat

 After the formation of the product in the bioreactor , it

product finishing to marketing

 It carried out all the fermentation processes.

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