Plant Anatomy Physiology SAT REVEIW

Plant Anatomy & Physiology
SAT REVIEW
Leaves
 Functions
 Make food through photosynthesis
 Site of gas exchange
 Respiration
 Photosynthesis
 Store food
Tissues of the Leaf
Tissues of the Leaf (Epidermis)
 Cuticle
 Waxy substance that
covers the leaves &
stems
 Waterproof layer
that keeps water in
plants
 Stomata
 Openings in the
epidermis mainly
located on the
underside of leaves
 Exchange of gases
 Guard Cells
 Two cells located on
each side of stomata
 Open and closes
stomata
Tissues of the Leaf
(Mesophyll Layer)
 Palisade mesophyll
 Primary site of photosynthesis
 Spongy mesophyll
 Contains air & chloroplasts
 Site of photosynthesis and gas exchange
Tissues of the Leaf
 Vascular Bundles
 Called veins
 In spongy mesophyll
 Phloem moves food
from leaf to the rest
of the plant
 Xylem moves water
& minerals up to
leaves from roots
External Parts of the Leaf
 Petiole
 Leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to
the stem.
 Blade
 The large, flat part of a leaf.
 Midrib
 The large center vein.
External Parts of the Leaf
Stems
 Functions
 Movement of materials
 Water & minerals from roots to leaves
 Manufactured food from leaves to roots
 Support leaves & reproductive structures

 Food storage
Internal Stem Structure
 Xylem
 The tissue that transports water & nutrients up
from roots to stems & leaves.
 Phloem
 Tissue that transports food down from leaves to
roots.
 Cambium
 Thin, green, actively growing tissue located
between bark & wood and produces all new stems
cells.
Movement of Water
 Uptake of water from soil
 • Water is absorbed by plants at their roots. (water diffuses from soil into the root).
 • Minerals are dissolved within the water; these minerals are very important to the plants
metabolic activities.
 • Root hairs greatly enhance the surface area of roots thereby increasing the amount of water
absorbed.
 • The buildup of water within the roots exerts a ROOT PRESSURE, pushing the water from the
xylem of roots, up into the xylem of the stem.
 Movement of water up the xylem (within the ‘shoot’)
 • Water molecules stick together due to their cohesive properties (opposite charges in H2O
attract one another).
 • Water particles also are attracted to the sides of the wall of the xylem (adhesion).
 • Water is drawn up the xylem of the stem due to the loss of water from the stomates of the
plant (transpiration).
 Transpiration/ Transpirational Pull
 • Transpiration involves the evaporation of water from the leaves of the plant.
 • This evaporation exerts a pull on water molecules below; continuing to pull the water up the
xylem. This is called Transpirational Pull.
Movement of Glucose (sugar)
 Translocation involves the movement of sugars in plants. Once glucose (a monosaccharaide) is

produced through photosynthesis, it links with another glucose to form sucrose (a disaccharide).
Sucrose production in the leaves must travel through the phloem to be used for growth and
metabolism. Sugar always moves from:
 SOURCE… to… SINK
 The SOURCE would generally be the leaf cells and the SINK would be the other parts of the plant
in need of sugar for life activities or for storage. Keep in mind, however, that phloem can move
sugar in both directions. So, when times are tough for a plant, it will call upon its stored food.
It such a situation, the source may be the roots (where the food is stored) to where it is needed
(sink).
 Steps:
 1. Sucrose is actively transported into the phloem. Individual phloem cells are called
sieve tube cells.
 2. Water diffuses from xylem into phloem.
 3. Pressure builds in sieve cell pushing the sucrose downward into the next sieve tube
cell.
 4. Sucrose will diffuse into those cells that are in need of carbohydrates.
 Bark
 Old, inactive phloem.
 Heartwood
 Old, inactive xylem.
 Sapwood
 New, active xylem.
(Monocots)
 Vascular bundles
contain both xylem
& phloem.
 Examples:
 Grasses
 Corn
Monocot Stems
(Vascular Bundle)
(Dicots)
 Plant stems have
xylem & phloem
separated by the
cambium.
 Example:
 Trees
(Dicots)
Roots
 Functions
 Anchor the plant
 Absorb water & minerals
 Store food
 Propagate or reproduce some plants
External Parts of Roots
 Root Cap
 Indicates
growth of
new
cells.
External Parts of Roots
 Root Hairs
 Tiny one celled hair-
like extensions of the
epidermal cells
located near the tips
of roots.
 Increase surface
area.
 Absorb water &
minerals.
Internal Parts of Roots
 Much like those of stems with phloem,
cambium and xylem layers.
 Phloem
 The outer layer.
 Carries food down the plant.
 Xylem
 The inner layer.
 Carries water & minerals up to the stem.
Flowers
 Function
 Contain the sexual
organs for the plant.
 Produces fruit, which
protects, nourishes
and carries seeds.
 Attracts insects for
pollination.
Parts of the Flower
 Sepals
 Outer covering of the
flower bud.
 Protects the stamens
and pistils when
flower is in bud
stage.
 Collectively known as
the calyx.
Parts of the Flower
 Petals
 Brightly colored
 Protects stamen &
pistils.
 Attracts pollinating
insects.
 Collectively called
the corolla.
Parts of the Flower (Stamen)
 Male reproductive
part
 Anther
 Produces pollen
 Filament
 Supports the anther
Parts of the Flower (Pistil)
 Female reproductive
part
 Ovary
 Enlarged portion at
base of pistil
 Produces ovules
which develop into
seeds
 Stigma
 Holds the pollen
grains
Parts of the Flower (Pistil)
 Style
 Connects the stigma with the ovary
 Supports the stigma so that it can be
pollinated
Parts of the Flower
Importance of Flowers
 Important in florist &

nursery businesses.
 Many plants are grown solely
for their flowers.
 Plants have flowers to attract insects for
pollination, but people grow them for
beauty & economic value.
Seeds
Seeds
Seed Coat: Protective covering around the seed

*Epicotyl: Develops into the leaves of the plant.
*Hypocotyl: Develops into the stem of the plant.
Cotyledon: Stored food for the embryo.
*Radicle: Develops into the root system of the
plant.
*Make up the embryo.

Tropisms (+ and -)
Gravitropism: a response of a plant to

gravity
Phototropism: a response of a plant to light
Thigmotropism: a response of a plant to
touch
Hydrotropism: a response of a plant to water
Plant Hormones
Hormone Where Produced/Found in Plant Major Functions
Auxin Developing seeds and fruits contain high Stimulates stem elongation, regulates
levels of auxin, young leaves are the primary development of fruit, functions in
site of auxin synthesis phototropism and gravitropism
Cytokinins Synthesized primarily in roots and Regulate cell division

transported to other organs
Gibberellins Young leaves and developing seeds are the Stimulate stem elongation, regulate fruit
primary sites of production growth, seed development
Abscisic acid Found in every major organ and living tissue Inhibits growth
Ethylene Found in almost all areas of the plant Promotes ripening of fruit

Plant Anatomy Physiology SAT REVEIW

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Plant Anatomy & Physiology

 Support leaves & reproductive structures

 Translocation involves the movement of sugars in plants. Once glucose (a monosaccharaide) is

 Important in florist &

Seed Coat: Protective covering around the seed

*Make up the embryo.

Gravitropism: a response of a plant to

Cytokinins Synthesized primarily in roots and Regulate cell division

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