Steam Circulation System

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Presentation Plan
Steam circuit diagram Super Heater De-superheater /Attemperator Re-heater IBR Super Critical Boiler

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500MW WATER AND STEAM CIRCUIT

DRUM

CC Pump

Bank II

Bank I

FROM BFP DISCHARGE

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Economizer
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M.S

C.R.H

H. R. H

FROM F.R.S BOTTOM RNG HDR & Z-PANEL 1ST PASS W.W O/L HDRS 1ST PASS W.W

ROOF I/L HEADER 2nd PASS LOWER C-HDRS LTSH O/L HEADER D.P.O/L HEADER R.H.HEADER ECONOMISER

2ND PASS UPPER C-HDR LTSH I/L HEADER D.P.I/L HEADER

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S.H. HEADER 2ND PASS ROOF O/L HDR(REAR

Types of Super Heaters

Pendant type Horizontal type Radiant Superheater Convection Superheater Combined Superheater

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SUPER HEATER
WATER IS HEATED TO RAISE STEAM TO HIGHER TEMPERATURE

ARRANGED IN 3 STAGES

LTSH

LOCATED ABOVE ECONAMISER

RADIANT PENDENT TYPE (DIV PANEL) ABOVE FURNACE

CONVECTIVE FINAL SUPER HEATER

ABUVE FURNACE

IN CONV PATH

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Super heaters
Super heater heats the high-pressure steam from its saturation temperature to a higher specified temperature. Super heaters are often divided into more than one stage. The enthalpy rise of steam in a given section should not exceed 250 420 kJ/kg for High pressure. > 17 MPa < 280 kJ/kg for medium pressure. 7 Mpa 17 MPa < 170 kJ/kg for low pressure. < 7 MPa
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Transfer of Energy

Hot Flue Gas

Thermal Structure SH

Steam

Convection & Radiation HT Drop in Enthalpy of Flue Gas

Convection HT Rise in Enthalpy of Steam

Mechanism of Heat Transfer

Source/Supply
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Thermal Structure
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Sink /Demand
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Mechanism of Heat Transfer :

Rate of heat transfer from hot gas to cold steam is proportional to: Surface area of heat transfer Mean Temperature difference between Hot Gas and Cold Steam. Thot gas,in Thot gas,out

Tcold steam,out

Tcold steam,in

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Thot gas,in Tcold steam,out

Thot gas,out Tcold steam,in

Thot gas,in

Thot gas,out

Tcold steam,out

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Tcold steam,in

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Platen Superheater
Platen Superheater : Flat panels of tubes located in the upper part of the furnace, where the gas temperature is high. The tubes of the platen SH receive very high radiation as well as a heavy dust burden. Mechanism of HT : High Radiation & Low convection Thermal Structure:

No. of platens No. of tubes in a platen Dia of a tube Length of a tube

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Geometry of Thermal Structure : Platen SH

The outer diameter of platen SH is in the range of 32 42 mm. The platens are usually widely spaced, S1 = 500 900 mm. The tubes within a platen are closely spaced, S2/d = 1.1. The number of parallel tubes in a platen is in the range of 15 35. Design Constraints: Max. allowable steam flow rates.

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Convective Superheater (Pendant)

Convective super heaters are vertical type (Pendant ) or horizontal types. The Pendant SH is always arranged in the horizontal crossover duct. Pendant SH tubes are widely spaced due to high temperature and ash is soft. Transverse pitch : S1/d > 4.5 Longitudinal pitch : S2/d > 3.5. The outside tube diameter : 32 51mm Tube thickness : 3 7mm

S1 S2

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Convective Superheater (Horizontal)

The horizontal SH are located in the back pass. The tubes are arranged in the in-line configuration. The outer diameter of the tube is 32 51 mm. The tube thickness of the tube is 3 7 mm. The transverse pitch : S1/d = 2 3. The longitudinal pitch :S2/d = 1.6 2.5. The tubes are arranged in multiple parallel sets. The desired velocity depends on the type of SH and operating steam pressures. The outside tube diameter : 32 51mm Tube thickness : 3 7mm

S1 S2
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MS TO HPT
DRUM

HRH TO IPT ECONOMISER

PLATEN SH1

PRI. SH ECONOMISER
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CRH FROM HPT

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Superheater Temperature Control

Basically the control of temperature is to protect the superheater by preventing the metal temperatures reaching a dangerously high level reducing mechanical strength and leading to failure. Water flowing through a tube conducts heat away much more effectively than steam due to its higher specific heat capacity. This means that tubes carrying water have a metal temperature much closer to the fluid passing through it. For superheat temperatures alloys of chrome molybdenum steels are used (upto 560oC), difficulties in welding means that there use is restricted to only within the highest temperature zone and a transition piece fitted to connect to remaining mild steel tubing. Superheat temperature control is therefore fitted to ensure superheat temperature does not exceed design limits.
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Locating the desuperheater

The preferred location of desuperheater, especially for temperature above 450 deg C is between sections of superheater. The steam is first passed through a primary superheater where it is raised to intermediate temperature. It is then passed through the desuperheater and its temperature reduction is controlled so that, after continuing through the secondary or final stage of the superheater, the required constant conditions are maintained at the outlet.

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Reheater
Purpose: RE-HEAT THE STEAM FROM HP TURBINE TO 540 DEG COMPOSED OF THREE SECTIONS RADIANT WALL REHEATER ARRANGED IN FRONT & SIDE WATER WALLS REAR PENDANT SECTION ARRANGED ABOVE GOOSE NECK FRONT SECTION ARRANGED BETWEEN UPER HEATER PLATEN & REAR WATER WALL HANGER TUBES
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Reheater

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Procedure to Determine Optimum Reheat Pressure

Calculate the efficiency of Rankine cycle, hRankine. Calculate mean effective temperature of heat addition, Tm,in using T
h Rankine h Eq.Carnot 1
c

Tm ,in

Find out pressure corresponding to Tm,in and entropy at HP turbine inlet. Add reheating at this pressure and calculate efficiency of the Reheat Cycle. Repeat above steps for few iterations.
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Arrangement and Construction

The arrangement and construction of a reheater is similar to that of a super-heater. In large modern boiler plant, the reheat sections are mixed equally with super-heater sections.

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Reheater

The pressure drop inside re-heater tubes has an important adverse effect on the efficiency of turbine. Pressure drop through the re-heater should be kept as low as possible. The tube diameter : 42 60mm. The design is similar to convective super-heaters. PMI Revision 12 April 2012 Heat Transfer Coefficient :00 110 W/m2 K. Overall 90

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Safety Valves
Device attached to a boiler for automatically relieving the pressure of steam before it becomes great enough to cause bursting. The common spring-loaded type is held closed by a spring designed to open the valve when the internal pressure reaches a point in excess of the calculated safe load of the boiler. Safety valves are installed on boilers according to strict safety norms and IBR recommendation
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Safety Valve Settings of a Typical 200 MW Boiler

Locacation Set Pressure (Kg/sq cm 175.8 179.3 181.1 Reliving Capacity T/Hr 177.1 180.6 182.5 154.0

Drum

Super Heater Re-heater inlet

163.3 45.0 45.5 46.3

Re-heater outlet

42.70

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Indian Boiler Regulations

History Scope (cover regulations on):

Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Boiler And SuperHeater Tubes Boiler Tubes Subject To External Pressure The Working Pressure To Be Allowed On Various Parts Of Boilers Welded And Seamless Forged Drums For Water Tube Boilers And Super Heaters Requisite Mountings, Fittings and Auxiliaries
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Indian Boiler Regulations (Continued)

Boiler And Super Heater Tubes, Headers And Other Pressure Parts Tubes Steam-Pipes And Fittings Registration Of Boilers And Inspection Of Boilers Safety Of Persons Inside Boilers Qualification Tests For Welders Engaged In Welding Of Boilers Feed Water For Boiler
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WHY SUPERCRITICAL PRESSURE

Increasing the pressure will mean increase in saturation temperature at which steam evaporates thus increasing the average temperature of heat addition.

A Boiler operating at a pressure above critical point is called SUPERCRITICAL BOILER A point where boiling water and dry saturated lines meet so that associated latent heat is zero, this point is called Critical Point.

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CRITICAL CONDITION
Definition CRITICAL is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance beyond which there is no clear distinction between the liquid and gaseous phase. The critical pressure & temperature for water are Pressure = 225.56 Kg / cm2 Temperature = 374.15 C

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T S DIAGRAM
OUTPUT INCREASE
Temperature ( 0 C ) Basic Rankine Cycle D

240c A -273
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E F

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KJ / Kg K

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TEMP

568C 540C

600

500
400 300 200 100

SUPER CRITICAL BOILER CYCLE WITH SH, RH & Regeneration of SIPAT 3 x 660 MW
Steam flow Steam temp Steam Pres RH pre RH Temp Feed water Temp :2225 T/Hr : 540 c : 256 kg/cm2 : 51.6 Kg/cm2 : 568c : 291c

0
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ENTROPY

SUPERCRITICAL BOILER
Supercritical pressure boiler has no drum and heat absorbing surface being, in effect, one continuous tube, hence called once through Supercritical pressure boilers. The water in boiler is pressurized by Boiler Feed Pump, sensible heat is added in feed heaters, economizer and furnace tubes, until water attains saturation temperature and flashes instantaneously to dry saturated steam and super heating commences.

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Pressure Parts Material

Material

Section Economizer Tube

Evaporator Tube/Water Wall

SIPAT SA210C SA213T22 SA213T22 SA213T23, T91 SA213T12, T23, T91 SA213T23, T91, T92 SA210C, T12, T23 SA213T23, T91 SUPER304H SA302C SA335P91 SA335P91

500 MW Plant
SA-210C SA-213T2

Oxidation Criteria,

454 482

Spiral Vertical Primary

SA-213T12

552

Superheater Tube

Secondary Final

SA-213T22

593

Reheater Tube Separator Header

Primary Final

SA-213T23

593

SA-213T91

649

SA-T92 SUPER304H

649 760

SH outlet RH outlet

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THANK YOU

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