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    Examples of Various Learning Paradigms: Introduction To Machine Learning

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    Rao Kunal
    Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that deals with systems that can learn from data. There are various machine learning techniques including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning uses labeled training data to predict discrete class labels or continuous target values. Unsupervised learning looks for hidden patterns in unlabeled data. Semi-supervised learning uses a combination of labeled and unlabeled data. Reinforcement learning allows software agents to learn based on feedback from their environment.

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    Examples of Various Learning Paradigms: Introduction To Machine Learning

    Uploaded by

    Rao Kunal
    21 views23 pages
    Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that deals with systems that can learn from data. There are various machine learning techniques including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning uses labeled training data to predict discrete class labels or continuous target values. Unsupervised learning looks for hidden patterns in unlabeled data. Semi-supervised learning uses a combination of labeled and unlabeled data. Reinforcement learning allows software agents to learn based on feedback from their environment.

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    Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that deals with systems that can learn from data. There are various machine learning techniques including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning uses labeled training data to predict discrete class labels or continuous target values. Unsupervised learning looks for hidden patterns in unlabeled data. Semi-supervised learning uses a combination of labeled and unlabeled data. Reinforcement learning allows software agents to learn based on feedback from their environment.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    21 views23 pages

    Examples of Various Learning Paradigms: Introduction To Machine Learning

    Uploaded by

    Rao Kunal
    Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that deals with systems that can learn from data. There are various machine learning techniques including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning uses labeled training data to predict discrete class labels or continuous target values. Unsupervised learning looks for hidden patterns in unlabeled data. Semi-supervised learning uses a combination of labeled and unlabeled data. Reinforcement learning allows software agents to learn based on feedback from their environment.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    Introduction to Machine Learning-

    Examples of Various Learning Paradigms


    About
    • subfield of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
    • name is derived from the concept that it deals with
    “construction and study of systems that can learn from
    data”
    • can be seen as building blocks to make computers learn
    to behave more intelligently
    • It is a theoretical concept. There are various techniques
    with various implementations.
    • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning
    In other
    words…

    “A computer program is said to learn from


    experience (E) with some class of tasks (T) and a
    performance measure (P) if its performance at
    tasks in T as measured by P improves with E”
    Real Time Applications
    Google’s GNMT(Google Neural Machine Translation)

    35% of Amazon’s revenue is


    Face Book generated by Product
    Recommendations.

    Gmail

    Paypal

    Google Maps
    online credit card fraud to soar to a
    Uber whopping $32 billion in 2020
    Workflow
    Categorie
    s
    • Supervised Learning

    • Unsupervised Learning

    • Semi-Supervised
    Learning
    • Reinforcement Learning
    Supervised
    • Learning
    the correct classes of the training data
    are known

    Credit: http://us.hudson.com/legal/blog/postid/513/predictive-analytics-artificial-intelligence-science-fiction-e-discovery-truth
    Unsupervised
    • Learning
    the correct classes of the training data are
    not known

    Credit: http://us.hudson.com/legal/blog/postid/513/predictive-analytics-artificial-intelligence-science-fiction-e-discovery-truth
    Semi-Supervised
    • A MixLearning
    of Supervised and Unsupervised
    learning

    Credit: http://us.hudson.com/legal/blog/postid/513/predictive-analytics-artificial-intelligence-science-fiction-e-discovery-truth
    Reinforcement
    • allows Learning
    the machine or software agent to learn its
    behavior based on feedback from the
    environment.
    • This behavior can be learnt once and for all, or keep
    on adapting as time goes by.

    Credit: http://us.hudson.com/legal/blog/postid/513/predictive-analytics-artificial-intelligence-science-fiction-e-discovery-truth
    Machine Learning
    Techniques
    Techniques
    • classification: predict class from
    observations
    • clustering: group observations
    into “meaningful” groups
    • regression (prediction): predict value
    from observations
    Classificatio
    • n into a predefined category.
    classify a document
    • documents can be text, images
    • Popular one is Naive Bayes Classifier.
    • Steps:
    – Step1 : Train the program (Building a Model) using a
    training set with a category for e.g. sports, cricket,
    news,
    – Classifier will compute probability for each word, the
    probability that it makes a document belong to each
    of considered categories
    – Step2 : Test with a test data set against this Model
    • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifie
    r
    Regressio
    n
    • is a measure of the relation between the mean
    value of one variable (e.g. output) and
    corresponding values of other variables (e.g. time
    and cost).
    • regression analysis is a statistical process for
    estimating the relationships among
    variables.
    • Regression means to predict the output
    value using training data.
    • Popular one is Logistic regression (binary
    regression)
    • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regres
    sion
    Classification vs
    • Regression
    Classification means • Regression means
    to group the output to predict the
    into a class. output value using
    • classification to training data.
    predict the type of • regression to
    tumor i.e. harmful or predict the house
    not harmful using price from training
    training data data
    • if it is • if it is a real
    discrete/categorical number/continuous
    variable, then it is , then it is
    classification regression problem.
    problem
    Clusterin
    • g of grouping a set of objects
    clustering is the task
    in such a way that objects in the same group
    (called a cluster) are more similar to each other
    • objects are not predefined
    • For e.g. these keywords
    – “man’s shoe”
    – “women’s shoe”
    – “women’s t-shirt”
    – “man’s t-shirt”
    – can be cluster into 2 categories “shoe” and “t-shirt”
    or “man” and “women”
    • Popular ones are K-means clustering and
    Hierarchical clustering
    K-means
    • Clustering
    partition n observations into k clusters in which each observation
    belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean, serving as a prototype of
    the cluster.
    • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means_clustering

    http://pypr.sourceforge.net/kmeans.html
    Hierarchical
    • method clustering
    of cluster analysis which seeks to
    build a hierarchy of clusters.
    • There can be two strategies
    – Agglomerative:
    • This is a "bottom up" approach: each observation starts in its
    own cluster, and pairs of clusters are merged as one moves up
    the hierarchy.
    • Time complexity is O(n^3)
    – Divisive:
    • This is a "top down" approach: all observations start in one
    cluster, and splits are performed recursively as one moves down
    the hierarchy.
    • Time complexity is O(2^n)

    • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering

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