ECG SIGNAL ACQUISITION

HARDWARE DESIGN

University of Alabama
ECE Department
BACKGROUND
 ECG/EKG (electrocardiogram)

Records the heart's electrical activity:

 Heart beat rate

 Heart beat rhythm

 Heart strength and timing

BACKGROUND
ECG works mostly by detecting and
amplifying the tiny potential
changes on the skin that are caused
when the electrical signal in the
heart muscle is charged and spread
during each heart beat.

This is detected as tiny rises and

falls in the voltage between two
electrodes placed either side of the
heart.
BACKGROUND

 The heart's electrical system:

 Sinoatrial(SA) node

 Atrioventricular(AV)
node

 His-Purkinje system
BACKGROUND
P wave: signal spread from SA
node to make the atria
contract.
P-Q Segment: signal arrives AV
node stay for a instant to
allow the ventricle to be filled
with blood.
Q wave :After the Buddle of His
the signal is divided into two
branches and run through the
septum.
R,S wave: Left and right ventricle
contraction are marked by the
R,S wave.
Schematic representation of T wave: ventricle relaxing
normal ECG
ECG SIGNAL
 ECG bio-signal typical specifications:

 low differential voltage from 0.4 to 3 mV

 high common-mode rejection ratio level
 low frequency range
 high noise
ECG SIGNAL
 Artifacts (disturbances) can have many causes. Common
causes are:
 Movement

Sudden movement

Baseline drift
ECG SIGNAL
 Electrical interference

From a nearby electrical appliance. A typical example is

a 100 Hz background distortion from fluorescent lights.
To be confused with atrial fibrillation.
ECG ELECTRODE
 Lead
 The signal recorded as the difference between two
potentials on the body surface is called an "ECG lead".
Each lead is said to look at the heart from a different
angle.
ELECTRODE
 Lead position

Lead III Lead 12

ECG ELECTRODE
A typical surface electrode used for
ECG recording is made of Ag/AgCl,
as shown on right Figure . The
disposable electrodes are attached to
the patients’ skin and can be easily
removed.
① Limb Leads (Bipolar)
② Chest Leads (Unipolar)
③ Augmented Limb Leads
(Unipolar)

Wet, dry and insulating…

DESIGN(1)
 A 0.5-uVrms 12-uW Wirelessly Powered Patch-Type
Healthcare Sensor [1]

 Thick-film electrodes

 Fabric inductor

 W-BSN controller

 Desired Circuit Design (LDO , NCA, PGA, ADC)

DESIGN(1)
 Advantages:

 Long-term continuous monitoring, comfortable without

skin irritation

 Wireless powered without battery through fabric

inductor coupling is realized.

 Low electrode referred noise by NCA

 Small IC size (2.6 mm2 )

 Convenience and Safety

DESIGN(1)
 System Architecture:

A. Controller on chest band:

12 x 4 inductor array and

W-BSN controller.

sensors are attached at

arbitrary locations.

automatically finds the

locations and activates
each sensor by self-
configuration
DESIGN(1)
 System Architecture:

B. Wireless powered Sensor:

Two dry electrodes

Sensor chip
P-FCB inductors
Adhesive bandage

Take the power overhead from the

sensors, moving it to the relatively
power-sufficient health monitoring
chest band.
DESIGN(1)
 Requirements:

• Sensor IC must consume power in total of less

than 20 uW.

• The noise contribution of the sensor readout front-

end must be less than 1 uVrms.

• The contact impedance and the motion artifacts of

the dry fabric electrode must be minimized
DESIGN(1)
Electrode Design:
Wet electrode: uncomfortable, good
conduction, short time

Plaster electrode:
Stiff, uncomfortable, motion artifacts

Fabric electrode:
Soft, comfortable, long term

A silver paste is screen printed

directly on a fabric, a stainless steel
powder with grain size of 100 um is
added on top of the silver paste.
DESIGN(1)
 Noise and Artifacts

A. Electrode Noise:

B. Motion Artifacts:
DESIGN(1)
 System Architecture:
DESIGN(1)
A. LDO Regulator

Generated voltage(VDD) is regulated by an LDO regulator to

create an internal silent supply voltage (VDDR) of 1.7 V, and
it is dispatched to the NCA, PGA and ADC.
DESIGN(1)

A chopper amplifier is a type of

amplifier that exhibits precise
outputs and low noise.

Reduces the offset from part to

part.
Reduces the offset over time
Reduces the offset over
temperature.
Reduces offset over common
mode voltage.
DESIGN(1)
B. NCA (nested chopping amplifier)
 Nested Chopping amplifier
A LPF generates a residual offset proportional to
its chopping frequency, and it may raise the in-
band noise power.

Another low-frequency chopper switch is

introduced, enclosing the high-frequency
chopped amplifier.

The inner HF (10 kHz) chopped amplifier

mitigates the 1/f and dc offset drift while the
outer low-frequency (625 Hz) chopper
suppresses the residual offset down to 24 dB.
DESIGN(1)
C. PGA

Different magnitudes of the vital signals with different bandwidth are

matched by adjusting Cin and Cf.
DESIGN(1)
D. Folded 10-b SAR ADC
Utilized with capacitive DAC.

Two internally folded 5-b CDAC for

power efficiency.

Upper& Lower

94% of the CDAC size reduction

It relaxes the power budget of the

ADC driver by
36%
DESIGN(1)
 Implementation & Results[1]

 Chip micrograph and its power breakdown

DESIGN(1)
 Implementation & Results[1]

Measured ECG waveforms by the proposed wirelessly

powered patch-type healthcare sensor.
DESIGN(1)
 Conclusion:

 A wirelessly powered wearable healthcare sensor is presented.

 A pair of dry fabric electrodes with stainless steel powder on

to ensure stable contact.

 The NCA reduces electrode referred noise down to 0.5 uVrms

while boosting its CMRR to greater than 100 dB.

 A 9-b ECG recording while consuming only 12-uW power

supplied through fabric inductor coupling.
DESIGN(2)
 Uncontacted Doppler Radar System for Heart and
Respiratory Rate Measurements [2][9]

 Introduction
 Principle
 Implementation
 System Architecture
 Results
 Conclusion
DESIGN(2)
 Clip-on wireless ECG for ambulatory cardiac monitoring
design[34]

 Measure heart movement rather than electrical activity is

a complementary to ECG

 Microwave doppler radar detection

outgoing beam + Doppler-shifted reflected beam = low

frequency signal
(physical motion of the heart)
DESIGN(2)

 Microwave oscillator(2.45G)
 Microstrip Transformer

(electrically isolate the

oscillator circuit and also
impedance match to the antenna. )
 Microstrip Patch edge-fed Antenna

 Diode Mixer
DESIGN(2)

 Low-pass filter
 Microcontroller(8 bit)
 Wireless Link

2.48G IEEE802.15.4
 Battery and Power(30mw)
DESIGN(2)
 System Architecture:

Block diagram of radar system

DESIGN(2)
 The radio transceiver is on the custom radar chip, and a
circulator isolates the RF output from the RF input.
 A single patch antenna is used for both transmitting and
receiving.
 Each baseband channel uses an instrumentation amplifier
for single-to-differential conversion, has a dc block and
gain stage followed by an anti- aliasing low-pass filter.
 The signals are the then digitized and processed with a
PC with custom MATLAB signal processing software.
DESIGN(2)
 Results: a. the heart motion signature
obtained with the Doppler
radar system
b. respiration motion
signature obtained with the
Doppler radar, c.ECG
d. heart motion trace
obtained with the
respiratory effort
belts

Heart and respiration signatures

DESIGN(2)
 Results:

The dotted line is the rate obtained

with the control (ECG
or respiratory effort belts) and the
solid line is that obtained with the
Doppler
radar system.
DESIGN(2)
 Conclusion:
 Comparison with ECG

 Similar to ECG but not

a substitute result

 Different for different

persons

 However, it may be an interesting portable and lower cost

alternative to M-mode echocardiography for monitoring of
certain types of heart failure associated with heart
mechanics, such as depressed systolic function, akinesia
and fibrillation.
DESIGN (3)
 A 60 uW60 nV/ Hz Readout Front-End for Portable
Biopotential Acquisition Systems [3]

 Introduction
 Readout Front-end Architecture
 AC Coupled Chopped Instrumentation Amplifier
 Chopping Spike Filter (CSF)
 Programmable Gain Stage
 Results
 Conclusion
DESIGN (3)
 Introduction

 Common biopotential signals: EEG, ECG,EMG

 Demand for low-power, small-size, and ambulatory

biopotential acquisition systems.

 Comfortable and invisible to eye with long-term power

autonomy, high signal quality, and configurability for
different biopotential signals.
DESIGN (3)
 Introduction A.
1/f noise
common-mode
interference
electrode offset
B.
high CMRR
low-noise
HPF
configurable
gain and filter

Frequency and amplitude characteristics of

biopotential signals
DESIGN (3)
 Readout Front-end Architecture

front-end for the acquisition of EEG, ECG, and

EMG signals
DESIGN (3)
 AC
Coupled Chopped Instrumentation
Amplifier

Neither three-opamp IA nor SC IA is convenient

for low-power and low-noise front-ends.
DESIGN (3)
 AC
Coupled Chopped Instrumentation
Amplifier

ACCIA implementation that can eliminate the

1/f noise, while filtering the DEO and the IA
offset.
DESIGN (3)
 AC Coupled Chopped Instrumentation
Amplifier
 Current Feedback Instrumentation Amplifier

 AC coupling filters the DEO, chopping

improves the CMRR and filters the 1/f noise of
the current feed-back IA.

 chopping spikes generated at the output

DESIGN (3)
 AC
Coupled Chopped Instrumentation
Amplifier

Complete schematic of the current feedback IA

DESIGN (3)
 Chopping Spike Filter (CSF)

To filter chopping spikes

Effect of T&H operation on

the output noise of the IA
DESIGN (3)
 Programmable Gain Stage

 For different signals

Schematic of the VGA. Gain is set by the variable capacitor bank
switches and low-pass cut-off frequency is set by the BW select
switches.
DESIGN (3)
 Results

Die micrograph
DESIGN (3)
 Results

Extracted biopotential signals

DESIGN (3)
 Conclusion

 A readout front-end with configurable characteristics for

EEG, ECG and EMG signals is presented.
 Combination of the AC-coupled chopping technique
with the low-power current feedback IA achieves more
than 120 dB CMRR and 57 nV/ Hz input-referred noise
density, while consuming only 11.1 uA from 3 V.
 Chopping spike filter stage completely filters the
chopping spike components.
 Portable/wearable
DESIGN(4)
 Novel dry electrodes for ECG monitoring[4]
Journal of Physiological Measurement

 Abstract
 Outline
 Introduction
 Biomedical Basics
 Novel dry and capacitive electrodes
 Materials and methods
 Results
 Summary
 ABSTRACT
 Two novel dry bioelectrodes (conductive & capacitive)
for biopotential monitoring: development, fabrication
and characterization;
 Improve the applicability of dry electrodes in ambulant
recording of ECG by reducing motion artifacts and the
contact impedance to the skin;
 Exhibit equivalent and superior contact impedances and
biosignals;
 Integrate a passive filter network into the new electrodes to
suppress slow offset fluctuation of the ECG signal;
 OUTLINE
 Introduction
 Biomedical basics

 Novel dry and capacitive electrodes

 Reduction of contact impedance
 Reduction of motion artifacts
 Dry electrodes as a passive filter network

 Materials and methods

 Electrodetypes
 Characterization methods

 Results and discussion

 Summary and outlook
 INTRODUCTION
 Increased costs for health care.
 A challenge: to develop new OR to improve by
decreasing the costs?
 Microsystem technologies => miniaturized and innovative
medical systems => increase the patient comfort considerably
 Cardiovascular diseases! Main cause of death!!!
 An early recognition of symptoms help.
 Long-term recording of ECG is desirable, but limited by
electrode performance (only a few days).
 BIOMEDICAL BASICS
- SKIN–GEL–ELECTRODE
INTERFACE

Ion currents have to be converted to electron currents with the

electrode as the transducer.

 The skin impairs the transfer

from ions in the tissue to
electrons in the electrode.
 The capacitance of this layer is
poorly defined and unstable.
 The electrical transducer
comprises the resistance of the
electrolytic gel and the double
layer at the electrode–
electrolyte interface, as well as
the half-cell potentials at both
electrolyte interfaces.
 BIOMEDICAL BASICS
- AG/AGCL GEL, DRY AND CAPACITIVE ELECTRODES
 Ag/AgCl gel electrode
 weakly polarized;
 introduce very low ohmic impedances;
 limited shelf life and are not reusable;
 Dry electrode
 partly polarized;
 introduce a parallel circuit of an ohmic and a capacitive impedance;
 Capacitive electrode
 perfectly polarized;
 introduce a capacitor;

Limited long-term performance improvement by dry and

capacitive electrode.
 NOVEL DRY AND CAPACITIVE ELECTRODES (1)
 Adapt to the skin topography;
 Guarantee small relative motion of the skin to the
electrode;
NOVEL DRY AND CAPACITIVE ELECTRODES (2)
 Reduction of contact impedance
 Enlarge the contact area by skin adaptive electrode, which is
soft enough to adapt the geometry of the hair;
 Reduction of motion artifacts
 Maintain the contact even under motion by a soft electrode;
 Dry electrodes as a passive filter network
 Suppress fluctuations by a high-pass filter;
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
- ELECTRODE TYPES

1) Ag/AgCl gel electrode of type ARBO H92SG;

2) Dry silver electrodes (dry Ag) with a diameter of 2 cm
were cut from a 0.3 mm thin silver foil;
3) Electrodes 2 cm in diameter were punched out of an
electrically conductive foam. They were coated with a
silver layer 400 nm thick on all surfaces. A 100 nm
layer of titanium was used as an adhesion layer;
4) Capacitive electrodes (SiO2) were fabricated on silicon
with a thermally grown silicon dioxide as the dielectric
layer;
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
- CHARACTERIZATION METHODS (1)

 Impedance spectroscopy.
 The electrode–skin contact impedance was analyzed by a
computer-controlled HP4192A impedance analyzer.
 Motion artifacts.
 The motion artifacts were evaluated from ECGs taken with a
longterm ECG recorder, the CardioLight Smart Reader.
 Minimum distance for electrodes.
 Two electrodes were placed next to each other as close as 1
cm right under the left nipple.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
- CHARACTERIZATION METHODS (2)
 Passive filtering.
 The transfer function was measured in a two-port measurement
setup.

 To eliminate the 50 Hz noise, a shielded measurement setup and

symmetric input impedance at an amplifier with high common mode
rejection is necessary.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (1)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (2)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (3)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (4)
 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
 The new dry and capacitive electrodes avoid the shortcomings
of standard Ag/AgCl gel electrodes.
 Rigid silver plates, silver plates coated with silver chloride,
Ag-coated conductive polymer foam soft electrodes, and
capacitive SiO2–Si electrodes were designed, fabricated and
characterized with the objective of improving the contact on
hairy skin to reduce the electrode impedance, to diminish
motion artifacts and to passively filter zero-line fluctuations.
 Future work will concentrate on the development of a soft
capacitive electrode to combine the advantages of both new
types of electrodes for a long-term ECG system, which is
convenient with respect to all relevant electrode properties.
DESIGN(5)
 3.9 mW 25-Electrode Reconfigured Sensor[5]

 Introduction
 Electrode design
 System Architecture
 REIA
 Band switched filter
 Remote controller
 Low duty cycle transmitter
 Implementation and results
 Conclusion
DESIGN(5)
 Introduction

 A low power highly sensitive Thoracic Impedance

Variance (TIV) and Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring
SoC.
 Multi-application integrated together
 TIV requires high impedance detection sensitivity
 The low noise requirements
 Low power consumption for wearable
DESIGN(5)
 Electrode Design:

Tightly attached to the chest to cover

the area of the heart

Compact poultice-like plaster sensor (15

cm* 15 cm 4-layer patch)

Wearable low cost cardiac healthcare

16 different sites across the heart to

enable the optimal sensing point
DESIGN(5)
 Electrode Design
25 electrodes array
d(reconfigurable)

Cm-range inductively
coupled power switch

A thin flexible battery of 1.5

V with 30 mAh capacity

Fabric broad
thickness<<2mm
DESIGN(5)
 ECG the electrode-skin contact impedance is less than
120 k at frequencies below1 kHz
 sub-period 1:

ECG (Mode 0) is measured using 8 electrodes in

direction 1
DESIGN(5)
 sub-periods 2:
ECG (Mode 0) is measured using 8 electrodes in
direction 0

The optimal sensing point to be selected

DESIGN(5)

 System Architecture SoC(5mm*5mm)

1) a System Start-up Module (SSM)

2) four Reconfigurable Electrode sensor Front Ends (RE-
FE)
3) DSCG(Differential Sinusoidal Current Generator
4) a digital module
5) a duty-cycled Body-Channel Transceiver(5%)
DESIGN(5)
 Reconfigurable electrode instrumentation amplifier
(REIA)
 Enables reconfigurable electrode operation

 Four switches (SE0–SE3) to time-multiplexed operation

in ECG
detection mode
 noise advantages

 current efficiency

 Gain=R2/R1
DESIGN(5)
 Band switched filter
 dual-mode operation to selectively amplify ECG signal
 CH +pseudo-resistorhigh pass (0.4Hz)
 AC couplingreject
DC offset
 C2,R2 LPF (1.1kHz)
 PGA minimize the
degradation of SNR
DESIGN(5)

Post processing analog readout signal path

DESIGN(5)
 Remote controller
 remote 8 b ID check

Step 1: remote controller in the base station provides a

continuous wave at 13.56 MHz
Step 2: CMOS rectifier in the SSM generates
Power-on-Reset (PoR) trigger signa
Step 3: transmits an
encoded ID packet
Step 4: decodes
the data packet and
verifiers its ID
DESIGN(5)
 PI Decoder
Each symbol of the PIE envelope starts with
’0’ and finishes with ’1’ to separate each symbol
REF as a threshold signal is created by
charging a 4 pF MIM capacitor (2C)
DESIGN(5)
 Low duty transceiver

FSK BCT
 5 MHz gives a

data rate of 1 Mbps

 Buffered

 2.3 mW

 %5 duty cycle
DESIGN (5)
 Implementation & results

Measured gain curve for dual-band Measured TIV and ECG waveforms
operation of REIA
DESIGN (5)
 Conclusion:

 A low power, high resolution TIV and ECG monitoring SoC is

designed for wearable.

 TIV detection is possible with a high detection sensitivity.

 high quality balanced sinusoidal current source and reconfigurable

high CMRR readout electronics are utilized.

 Low duty BCT to achieve low power consumption and low cost
DESIGN(6)
 Power-Efficient Cross-Correlation Beat Detection in
Electrocardiogram Analysis Using Bitstreams [6]

 Introduction
 Heartbeat Detection
 Single-Chip Cross-Correlator
 Implementation
 Measurement Results
 Conclusion
DESIGN(6)
 Introduction

 The benefit of adopting specialized silicon systems

forminimal size and power consumption in BSN applications
is evident.

 Long-term ECG observation sensor worn during normal

activity and should not interfere with normal lifestyle to catch
some typical diseases.

 A novel single-chip cross-correlator is proposed for ECG

analyses.
 “Smart” ECG electrode with embedded heart-beat detection
DESIGN(6)
 Heartbeat Detection
Beat detection involves
identifying all cardiac cycles
in ECG recordings and
locating each identifiable
waveform component within
a cycle.

P, QRS, T, Timing…
 Trade-off between the computational efficiency and
detection quality.
DESIGN(6)
 Heartbeat Detection
 Multicomponent-Based Heartbeat Detection
1. Three templates were used to search the wave isolation.
2. Locate the QRS complex by cross-correlating the QRS
template with the ECG signal
3. Repeat with the P, T wave templates.
4. The threshold value is established during a pre-learning phase
and can be adjusted.

 Computational complexity requires power-efficient

implementations.
DESIGN(6)
 Single-Chip Cross-Correlator

Multiply elements from template and input over a

window of lengh n.

The computation methods should be considered for the

power saving.
DESIGN(6)
 Single-Chip Cross-Correlator

A. Bitstream Representation
Perform cross-correlation by processing bitstream.
B. Bitstream Conversion binary-
to-bitstream by interpolation filter and sigma-delta
modulator, CIS filter, low OSR
C. Bitstream Operations Use
simple XNOR , asynchronous counter design, bubble
register, thermometer coded
DESIGN(6)
 Single-Chip Cross-Correlator

D. Bitstream Cross-Correlation
 Computed directly on bitstream coded signals.
 The template is shifted in directly as a bitstream coded
sequence of up to 1024 bits in a template register.
 Incoming bitstream signal is shifted through the correlation
register.
 Multiplied by XNOR gates at the start of every clock cycle.
 Bubble register is loaded with the results for asynchronous
sorting.
DESIGN(6)
 Implementation

1x1 mm

Delta-sigma converter

1024-bits cross-corelator

STMicro 90-nm Tech

Chip layout
DESIGN(6)
 Implementation

Asynchronous bubble register

diagram of the implemented chip

DESIGN(6)
 Measurement Results

(a) QRS template. (b) T template Cross-correlation results for the QRS
DESIGN(6)
 Conclusion

 Presented a novel bitstream

-based single-chip running
cross-correlator.

 Compact and power-efficient

 Reduce communication demands and power

consumption.
DESIGN(7)
 A Wearable Health Care System Based on Knitted
Integrated Sensors[7]

 Introduction
 Wealthy system

 Wealthy functions

 Materials and Methods

 Results

 Conclusion
DESIGN(7)
 Introduction

 Need for renovation in our health managing system.

 Comfortable sensing interface, easy to use and easy to
 Textile customize embedded in clothing items
 WEALTHY system, conductive and piezoresistive yarns.
DESIGN(7)
 Wealthy system

 Strain fabric sensors based on piezoresistive yarns, fabric

electrodes realized with metal-based yarns.

 In the sensitive garment

 Continuous monitoring
DESIGN(7)
 Wealthy functions

 Signal sensing

 Signal conditioning

 Signal processing

 Data transmission
DESIGN(7)
 Materials and Methods

A. Fabric Electrodes

B. Fabric Piezoresistive Sensor

C. Impedance Pneumography

D. Connections

E. Garment Model and Realization

F. Washability and Reusability

DESIGN(7)
 Results

Signals in basal condition, D1, D2, D3 Einthoven

leads I, II, III. V2,V5: standard precordial leads Detail of ECG signals during abduction–
V2 and V5. Th-R, Ab-R: respiration sensors in adduction of the left shoulder.
thoracic and abdominal positions, respectively.
Sh-M, Eb-M:movement sensors on the left
shoulder and elbow, respectively.
 DESIGN(7)
 Results

Comparison of V2 and V5 precordial leads Comparison of precordial V2 and V5 ECG signals

acquired with fabric and standard electrodes obtained with subject walking on the spot with
standard and fabric electrodes.
DESIGN(7)
 Conclusion

 The most innovative characteristic of the WEALTHY system consists of

the use of conductive and piezoresistive materials in the form of fibers
and yarns.
 These new integrated knitted systems enable applications

 The possibility of simultaneously recording different signals

 Use of standard textile to realize the sensing elements

 possible to perform normal daily activities while the clinical status is

monitored
DESIGN(8)
 ECG Recording on a Bed During Sleep Without
Direct Skin-Contact[8]

 Introduction
 Methodology

 Experiment Setup

 Results

 Discussion

 Conclusion
DESIGN(8)
 Introduction
 An electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement
 during sleep
 long-term
 easy home usage
 nonintrusive daily ECG monitoring
 Indirect contact (IDC) electrocardiogram(ECG)
measurement method (IDC-ECG).
 Maintaining contact
 Reduce skin irritation
DESIGN(8)
 Methodology

 Insulated electrodes

 An array of active
electrodes

 Ground conductive textile

 Mattresscover and
pajamas clothes
DESIGN(8)
 Methodology

A. Active Electrodes

 electrode face,
preamp, and shield.

 high-input
impedance amplifier

 shield to prevent noise

DESIGN(8)
 Methodology

B. Frequency Response of the Active Electrode

OPA124
DESIGN(8)
 Methodology

C. ECG Measurement by Electrode Array

D. Indirect-Contact Ground

 Requires a reference

 Large conductive textile laid on

the lower area of the bed
 compensated for the high impedance

per unit area

DESIGN(8)
 Experiment Setup

A. Active Electrode

B. Mattress Assembly

C. Electronics and Data

Acquisition

D. ECG With Ag-AgCl

Electrodes for
Comparison
DESIGN(8)
 Results

(a) supine position; (b) on right side; (c) on left side; (d) supine position movement.
DESIGN(8)
 Results

Outputs obtained from two of the eight electrodes over a 6-h sleep period
DESIGN(8)
 Discussion

 Variation in
impedance between
the electrodes and the body and the variation in the whole body
potential due to triboelectricity.
------- cotton produces the least motion artifacts.

 Hard to discriminate ECG from most of the large artifacts.

 Used for diagnosis in a restricted area or as an auxiliary method.

DESIGN(8)
 Conclusion

 An ECG was recorded with distinct R-peaks during sleep,

regardless of body position and location on the bed.

 The waveforms varied according to the contact condition and

position.

 Further study on analyzing the waveform is needed for the

motion artifacts.

 Shows the feasibility of using IDC-ECG for long-term

daily ECG monitoring during sleep with minimal intrusion.
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