Excretory System Topic 2 Lecture 2

Renal Blood Flow, Renal Physiology, Renal disorders and
Treatment
Ms. Kausar Naseem
Renal Blood Flow
• Because kidney removes wastes from the blood, so
abundantly supplied with blood vessels.
• Blood vessels include arteries, arterioles, capillaries,
venules and veins.
• Artery carry blood from heart to particular organ i.e;
Renal artery carry blood from heart to kidney.
• Vein take away blood from particular organ to the heart
i.e; Renal vein take the blood from kidney and return
back to the heart.
• Renal artery enter into the kidney and renal vein exit
from kidney from a point called renal hilus
Renal Blood Flow
• Within kidney, the renal artery divides/branches
into several arteries called segmental arteries.
• Each segmental artery divides into several arteries
that pass between the renal pyramids called
interlobar arteries.
• At the bases of renal pyramids, the interlobar
arteries arch between the renal medulla and cortex,
called arcuate arteries.
• Each arcuate artery branches into several arteries
that enter the renal cortex, called interlobular
arteries.
• Each interlobular artery gives off branches called
afferent arterioles.
• Each nephron receives one afferent arteriole, which
divides into a ball-shaped capillary network called,
glomerulus.
• The glomeruluar capillaries reunite to form an
efferent arteriole.
• The efferent arteriole divides to form a network of
capillaries called, peritubular capillaries and vasa
recta.
• Peritubular capillaries surround the tubular portion of
nephron i.e; PCT, DCT and part of CD.
• Vasa recta surround the tubular portion of nephron i.e;
Loop of Henle.
• The peritubular capillaries and vasa recta reunite to
form the interlobular veins.
• Interlobular veins unite to form arcuate vein which
in turn unite to form the interlobar veins.
• Interlobar veins unite to form segmental veins which
in turn unite to form a renal vein.
Renal Physiology/Urine production
• Kidney perform functions such as:
a) Glomerular Filtration
b) Tubular reabsorption
c) Tubular secretion
d) Concentration/water conservation.
 In Glomerular Filtration, the blood will be filtered
i.e; excess water, mineral salts, nutrients and toxic
nitrogenous wastes will be removed from blood
resulting the formation of plasma-like filtrate.
Toxic nitrogenous wastes includes; Urea, Uric acid and
Creatinine.
These nitrogenous wastes are formed due to the
catabolism of protein.
• Ammonia is highly toxic nitrogenous waste. Liver
convert ammonia into urea.
 In tubular reabsorption, most water and
nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood by the
proximal convoluted tubule.
 In tubular secretion, additional toxic wastes are
secreted from blood into distal convoluted tubule.
 Finally additional water in filtrate removes from
collecting duct and enter into blood, resulting the
concentration of filtrate called Urine.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
• It is the filtration of fluid from the glomerular

capillaries per minute.
• Glomerular filtrate contains all substances present
in plasma except proteins.
• GFR is normally 125 ml/min in male and 105
ml/min in female.
Define these terms:
1. Glucosuria/ Glycosuria
2. Diuretics
3. Urinalysis
Glucosuria: The presence of glucose in the urine; may
be temporary (high intake) or pathological (diabetes
mellitus).
Diuretics: are substances that slows renal reabsorption of
water resulting elevated urine flow rate. E.g; caffeine
(coffee, tea & cola sodas), alcohol (beer, wine, mixed
drinks). Inhibit Na+ reabsorption.
Urinalysis: An analysis of volume; and physical,

chemical, and microscopic properties of urine.
Hormones regulate kidney function:
1. Angiotensin II
2. Aldosterone
3. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (regulates water
reabsorption)
4. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Evaluation of Kidney Function:
5. Urinalysis
6. Blood tests
a) Blood Urea Nitrogen Test (BUN Test)
b) Plasma Creatinine
3- Renal plasma clearance
Renal disorders and treatment
Common disorders includes

1. Kidney Stones
2. Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
3. Renal failure
Kidney Stones:
Solid mass that forms from the crystals of calcium
oxalate or calcium carbonate, precipitate and
solidify into insoluble stones called renal stones.
Treatment: Shock wave lithotripsy and renal surgery
Shock wave lithotripsy :
A technique in which high intensity
sound waves used to break the
stones.
UTIs:
An infection of part of the urinary system or presence
of large number of microbes in urine.
a) Urethritis: inflammation of urethra
b) Cystitis: inflammation of urinary bladder
c) Pyelonephritis: inflammation of kidneys
Treatment: Antibiotics
Kidney Failure: is a decrease or cessation of
glomerular filtration. It is due to many reasons
such as ; hemorrhage, decreased cardiac output,
damaged renal tubules, kidney stones, antibiotics,
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Treatment: Dialysis or Kidney transplant
Dialysis: Through a machine called dialysis machine,
perform the function of kidney.
• The dialysis machine mixes and monitors the
dialysate.
• Dialysate is the fluid that helps remove the
unwanted waste products from your blood. It also
helps get your electrolytes and minerals to their
proper levels in your body.

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Renal Blood Flow, Renal Physiology, Renal disorders and

• It is the filtration of fluid from the glomerular

Urinalysis: An analysis of volume; and physical,

Common disorders includes

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