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RECAP :: Right-Angled Trigonometry
You are probably familiar with the formula:
hyp But what is the conceptual definition of ?
sin is a function which inputs an angle and gives the
opp
ratio between the opposite? and hypotenuse.
𝜃
Remember that a ratio just means the ‘relative size’
adj between quantities (in this case lengths). For this
reason, sin/cos/tan are known as “trigonometric ratios”.

Fro Tip: You can swap the thing you’re dividing

Find . by and the result. e.g. . I call this the ‘swapsie
4
trick’.
4
20 ° cos ( 20
? )=
𝑥 𝑥 Froflections: You may have been taught “use
whenever you’re finding an angle”, and
5 therefore write the second line directly. This is
Find . fine, but I prefer to always write the first line,

5
then see the problem as a ‘changing the
𝜃 3 subject’ one. We need to remove the tan on
tan ( 𝜃?) = front of the , so apply to each side of the

3 equation to ‘cancel out’ the tan on the LHS.

Just for your interest…

Have you ever wondered why “cosine”

contains the word “sine”?

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
Supplementary Angles Complementary Angles Therefore these angles
add to add to are complementary.

i.e. The cosine of an angle is the sine of

𝒙
the complementary angle.
𝑧 cos ( 50 ) =
𝒛
?
Hence cosine = COMPLEMENTARY SINE
𝑥 50° 𝒙
sin ( 40 )= ?
40° 𝒛
ME-WOW! 𝑦 ∴ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟓𝟎 ) =𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟒𝟎 )
OVERVIEW: Finding missing sides and angles
When triangles are not right-angled, we can no longer use simple trigonometric
ratios, and must use the cosine and sine rules.

You have You want Use

#1: Two angle-side Missing Sine rule
opposite pairs angle or side
in one pair
?
#2 Two sides known and a Remaining Cosine rule
missing side opposite a side
known angle ?
#3 All three sides An angle Cosine rule
?
#4 Two sides known and a Remaining Sine rule
missing side not opposite side twice
known angle
?
Cosine Rule
We use the cosine rule whenever we have three sides (and an angle) involved.

Proof at end of PowerPoint.

𝑏 Cosine Rule:
15
𝐴 The only angle in formula is , so label angle in
115 ° 𝑎 How
diagram are
, label sidesside
opposite labelled ? ( and
, and so on
can go either way).
𝑐 𝑥
12 Calculation?
Dealing with Missing Angles
You have You want Use
All three sides An angle Cosine rule

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒂 = 𝒃 + 𝒄 − 𝟐 𝒃𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
7 Fro Tip: The brackets are not needed, but students who
forget about BIDMAS see and hence incorrectly simplify to

𝛼
4 ?
Label sides then

9
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
substitute into formula.

𝟒 =𝟕 +𝟗 −(𝟐×𝟕×𝟗×𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜶)
? Simplify each bit of formula.

? Rearrange (I use ‘subtraction

swapsie trick’ to swap thing
you’re subtracting and
result)
?

Textbook Note: The textbook presents the rearrangement of the cosine rule: to find missing angles. I’d personally
advise against using this as: (a) It’s another formula to remember. (b) Anything that gives you less practice of
manipulating/rearranging equations is probably a bad thing. (c) You won’t get to use the swapsie trick. 
Harder Ones
Determine the value of .

2 2 2?
(2𝑥−1) =𝑥 +(𝑥+8) −2𝑥( 𝑥+8) cos60°
𝑥 2 𝑥 −1

60 °
𝑥+8
[From textbook] Coastguard station is 8 km, on a bearing of ,
𝑁 from coastguard station . A ship is 4.8 km on a bearing of ,
𝐶 away from . Calculate how far is from .
𝑎𝑘𝑚
4.8𝑘𝑚 𝐵
18 ° ?
is 5.47 km from coastguard station .
60 ° 8𝑘𝑚

𝐴
Test Your Understanding
1
𝑥 3
2 𝑥 −3
5
70° 2 𝑥 −2
6 3 60°
2 𝑥
𝑥=6.36
? ° 𝜃
8
10 𝑥 =5
?

𝜃=124.2
? °
Fro Note: You will get an
obtuse angle whenever you
inverse cos a negative value.
Exercise 9A
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Pages 177-179

Extension 2 [STEP I 2007 Q5] Note: a regular octahedron is a

polyhedron with eight faces each of which is an
equilateral triangle.
1 [STEP I 2009 Q4i]
The sides of a triangle have lengths , and , (i) Show that the angle between any two faces
where . The largest and smallest angles of the of a regular octahedron is
triangle are and respectively. Show by means of (ii) Find the ratio of the volume of a regular
the cosine rule that octahedron to the volume of the cube
whose vertices are the centres of the faces
of the octahedron.
Note that the longest side of a triangle is
opposite the largest angle, and the shortest Solutions for Q2 on next slide.
opposite the smallest angle. Thus:

𝑝
𝑞

𝛼 𝛽 ?
𝑝−

𝑝+𝑞
We can manipulate and combine these two
equations to get the desired equation above.
Solutions to Extension Question 2
[STEP I 2007 Q5] Note: a regular octahedron is a polyhedron with eight faces each of which is an
equilateral triangle.
(i) Show that the angle between any two faces of a regular octahedron is
(ii) Find the ratio of the volume of a regular octahedron to the volume of the cube whose vertices
are the centres of the faces of the octahedron.

(Official solutions) Big, clear diagram essential!

(i) Let the side length of the octahedron be . Then sloping “height” of a triangular face is .
Also, the vertical height of the whole octahedron is .
Therefore, by the cosine rule,
Hence
?
(ii) The centre of each face is on any median of the equilateral triangle that is the face, and the centre is two-
thirds of the way along the median from any vertex.
This is a quotable fact, but can be worked out from a diagram, using the fact that the centre of an
equilateral triangle is equidistant from the three vertices: the centre divides the median in the ratio .
The feet of the two medians from the apex of the octahedron in two adjacent triangles are apart.
Therefore, by similarity, adjacent centres of the triangular faces are apart. Therefore, the volume of the
cube (whose vertices are the centres of the faces) is

and the volume of the octahedron is . ?

Hence the ratio of the volume of the octahedron to the volume of the cube is .
The Sine Rule

b For this triangle, try

c calculating each side divided
65°
5.02 A
by the sin of its opposite
10 angle. What do you notice in
all three cases?

85°
B ! Sine Rule:
C
30° ?

9.10 a

You have You want Use

#1: Two angle-side Missing angle or Sine rule
opposite pairs side in one pair
Examples

Q1
Q2 8
8 50°
85° 100°

45° 30° 15.76

?
11.27
?

You have You want Use

#1: Two angle-side Missing angle or Sine rule
opposite pairs side in one pair
Examples
When you have a missing angle, it’s better to reciprocate to get:

i.e. in general put the missing value in the numerator.

5 Q4
Q3
8
126°
85° 40.33°
?
?
56.11° 6 10

sin𝜃 sin 85 sin𝜃 sin126°

= =
5 6 8 10
Exercise 9B
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Pages 181-183

Extension
If we draw a vertical line down from , we
1 [MAT 2011 1E] have two triangles with a common length.
The circle in the diagram has centre . Three This common lengths allows us to relate
angles are also indicated. the two triangles. Let the radius be 1.

𝑥
? 1

Using bottom triangle:

The angles are related by the equation:
A) Using sine rule on top:
B)
Substituting in from the first equation, and
C) rearranging, we obtain (B).
D)
The ‘Ambiguous Case’
𝐴 Suppose you are told that , and . What are
the possible values of ?

is somewhere on the horizontal line.

4 There’s two ways in which the length could
be 3. Using the sine rule:
3 3
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟒
=
𝟒 𝟑
44 ° Your calculator will give the acute angle of
𝐵 𝐶1 𝐶2 (i.e. ). But if we look at a graph of sin, we
can see there’s actually a second value for ,
0.9262
corresponding to angle .

! The sine rule produces two possible

67.9 °112.1°180 ° solutions for a missing angle:

Whether we use the acute or obtuse

angle depends on context.
Test Your Understanding
Given that the angle is obtuse, determine
and hence determine the length of .
10
𝜃 5
20 °
𝑥 The other angle is:

Using sine rule again:

?
Exercise 9C
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Pages 184-185
Area of Non Right-Angled Triangles

3cm
Area = 0.5 x 3 x 7 x sin(59)
= 9.00cm?2
59°

7cm

! Area =
where is the angle between two sides and .

Fro Tip: You shouldn’t have to label sides/angles before using the
formula. Just remember that the angle is between the two sides.
Test Your Understanding
The area of this triangle is 10.
Determine .
𝑥
As
30 °
?
𝑥+3

5 6
The area of this triangle is also 10.
If is obtuse, determine .
𝜃
1
? ( 𝜃 )=10
×5×6 ×sin
2
Exercise 9D
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Pages 186-187
Sin or cosine rule?
Recall that whenever we have two “side-angle pairs” involved,
use sine rule. If there’s 3 sides involved, we can use cosine rule.
Sine Cosine Sine rule is generally easier to use than cosine rule.

3
3 100 ° 𝑎 𝑥 40 °

5 5 Sine Cosine

3 3
𝑥 40 ° 2 𝑎
45 °
5
Sine Cosine Sine Cosine
Using sine rule twice
You have You want Use
#4 Two sides known Remaining side Sine rule
and a missing side not twice
opposite known angle

Given there is just one angle involved,

you might attempt to use the cosine
4 rule:

32 ° ?
3

𝑥 This is a quadratic equation!

It’s possible to solve this using the quadratic
formula (using
). However, this is a bit fiddly and not the
primary method expected in the exam…
 Using sine rule twice
You have You want Use
#4 Two sides known Remaining side Sine rule
and a missing side not twice
opposite known angle

! 2: Which means we would then

know this angle.

4 ?
𝟏𝟖𝟎−𝟑𝟐− 𝟒𝟒.𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟔=𝟏𝟎𝟑.𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟒

1: We could use the sine

rule to find this angle. 3 32 °
3: Using the sine rule a second

? 𝑥 time allows us to find

𝑥 3
?=
sin103.0444 sin 32
Test Your Understanding

9
𝑦 =6.97
?
𝑦

61 ° 10

4 3

53 °
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎=6.00
?
Problem Solving With Sine/Cosine Rule
[From Textbook] The diagram shows the locations of four mobile phone masts in a field, .
, angle and angle .
In order that the masts do not interfere with each other, they must be at least 70m apart.
Given that is the minimum distance from , find:
a) The distance is from
b) The angle
c) The area enclosed by the four masts.

𝐵 a Using triangle :

75𝑚
Then use sine rule to find :

55 ° ?
𝐴 𝐶
We can then use cosine rule on :

70𝑚 140 ° 80 𝑚

𝐷 b
Using sine rule on
?
By adding areas of and :
c
?
Exercise 9E
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Pages 189-191

1 [AEA 2009 Q5a] The sides of the triangle 2 [STEP I 2006 Q8] Note that the volume of a
have lengths and , where . The sizes of the tetrahedron is equal to
angles and form an arithmetic sequence.
(i) Show that the area of triangle is . The points have coordinates and
Given that and , find respectively, where are positive.
(ii) the value of , (i) Find, in terms of the volume of the
(iii) the value of . tetrahedron .
(ii) Let angle . Show that

and find, in terms of and , the area of

triangle .
Hence show that , the perpendicular
distance of the origin from the triangle ,
satisfies

Solutions to extension problems on next slides.

Solution to Extension Problem 1
[AEA 2009 Q5a] The sides of the triangle
have lengths and , where . The sizes of the
angles and form an arithmetic sequence.
(i) Show that the area of triangle is .
Given that and , find
(ii) the value of ,
(iii) the value of .
Solution to Extension Problem 2
[STEP I 2006 Q8] Note that the
volume of a tetrahedron is equal to
The points have coordinates and
respectively, where are positive.
(i) Find, in terms of the volume of
the tetrahedron .
(ii) Let angle . Show that
This is FM content, but see a
and find, in terms of and , the few lines below.
area of triangle .
Hence show that , the
perpendicular distance of the
origin from the triangle , satisfies
Sin Graph
What does it look like?
Key Features:
• Repeats every .
• Range:

-360 -270 -180 -90

? 90 180 270 360
Sin Graph
What do the following graphs look like?

-360 -270 -180 -90 90 180 270 360

Suppose we know that sin(30) = 0.5. By thinking about symmetry in the graph,
how could we work out:

sin(150) = 0.5? sin(-30) = -0.5? ?

sin(210) = -0.5
Cos Graph
What do the following graphs look like?

Key Features:
• Repeats every .
• Range:

-360 -270 -180 -90

? 90 180 270 360
Cos Graph
What does it look like?

-360 -270 -180 -90 90 180 270 360

Suppose we know that cos(60) = 0.5. By thinking about symmetry in the graph,
how could we work out:

?
cos(120) = -0.5 cos(-60) = 0.5? ?
cos(240) = -0.5
Tan Graph
What does it look like?

-360 -270 -180 -90

? 90 180 270 360

Key Features:
• Repeats every .
• Roots:
• Range: (i.e. no min/max value!)
• Asymptotes:
Tan Graph
What does it look like?

-360 -270 -180 -90 90 180 270 360

Suppose we know that . By thinking about symmetry in the graph, how could
we work out:

1 1
( )
tan − 30 ° =− ? tan ( 150 ° ) =− ?
√3 √3
Transforming Trigonometric Graphs
There is no new theory here: just use your knowledge of transforming graphs, i.e.
whether the transformation occurs ‘inside’ the function (i.e. input modified) or
‘outside’ the function (i.e. output modified).

Sketch , Sketch ,

𝑦 𝑦
×4 45 °
4 1

90 ° ? 270° 360°
180° 𝑥
−90° 90°
? 180° 270° 360° 𝑥

−4 −1
Transforming Trigonometric Graphs
Sketch , Sketch ,

×(−1)
𝑦
×2
𝑦
1

? ?
90 ° 180° 270° 360° 𝑥
90 ° 180° 270° 360° 𝑥
−1
 Exercise 9F/9G
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Pages 194, 197-198
Extension
1 [MAT 2013 1B] The graph of 3 [MAT 2007 1G] On which of the axes is a
is reflected first in the line sketch of the graph
and then in the line . The
resulting graph has equation:
A)
B)
C)
D)

Solution: C
?
2 [MAT 2011 1D] What fraction of the interval
is one (or both) of the inequalities:

true? and are always positive eliminating (b). When

eliminating (d). Multiplying by causes the amplitude
Solution: (this is clear if you draw the graphs and of the peaks to go down as increases. The increases
on the same axes) ?
more rapidly as increases, hence reducing the
? wavelength (i.e. distance between peaks). The answer
is therefore (a).
APPENDIX :: Proof of Cosine Rule

We want to use
Pythagoras, so split into
two so that we get two 𝑏 𝑎
right-angled triangles.
h

𝐴 𝑥 𝑐−𝑥

By Pythagoras: and
Subtracting to eliminate :

But
APPENDIX :: Proof of Sine Rule

The idea is that we can use the

𝐶
common length of and , i.e. , to
connect the two triangles, and
therefore connect their 𝑏 𝑎
angles/length.
h

𝐴 𝑋 𝐵
𝑐

Using basic trigonometry:

and