Chemistry /10 Grade th

Unit 1 : Stoichiometric relationships

Periodic table
Symbols and formulae of elements and compounds
• Element symbols
• Each element is represented by its own unique symbol as seen on the periodic table e.g.H is
hydrogen
• Where a symbol contains 2 letters,the first one is always in capital letters and the other is small e.g
sodium is Na ,not NA
• Atoms combine together in fixed ratios that will give them full outer shells of electrons
• The chemical formula is what tells you the ratio of atoms
• E.g.H2O is a compound containing 2 H atoms which combine with 1 O atom
• The chemical formula can be deduced from the relative number of atoms present
• E.g. If a molecule contains 3 atoms of H and 1 atom of N then the formula would be NH 3
• Diagrams or models can also be used to represent the chemical formula
Chemical formulae
The structural formula tells you the way
in which the atoms in a particular
molecule are bonded.
This can be done by either a diagram
(Displayed formula) or written (simplified
structural formula)
The empirical formula tells you the
simplest whole number ratio of atoms in
a compound
The molecular formula tells you the
actual number of atoms of each element
in one molecule of the compound or
element e.g.H2 has 2 H atoms ,HCl has 1
H atom and 1 chlorine atom
Deducing formulae by
combining power
The concept of valency is used to deduce the
formulae of compounds
Valency or combining power tells you how
many bonds an atom can make with another
atom
E.g. Carbon is in group IV so a single C atom
can make 4 single bonds or 2 double bonds
The following valencies apply to elements in
each group
Deducing formulae by combining power
• We can use the combining power of each atom to work out a formula
• Example :what is the formula of aluminium sulfide
 Deducing formulae of
ionic compounds

The formulae of these compounds

can be calculated if you know the
charge on the ions

Below are some common ions and

their charges
Deducing formulae of ionic compounds
• For ionic compounds you have to balance the charge of each part by
multiplying each ion until the sum of the charges = 0
• Example:what is the formula of aluminium sulfate ?
Write the formulas for the following
compounds:
1) copper (II) chloride
2)sodium sulfate
3)potassium permanganate
4)ammonium nitrate
Names of compounds
• For compounds consisting of 2 atoms:
• If one is a metal and the other a nonmetal, then the name of the metal atom
comes first and the ending of the second atom is replaced by adding –ide
• Eg. NaCl which contains sodium and chlorine thus becomes sodium chloride
• If both atoms are nonmetals and one of those is hydrogen, then hydrogen
comes first
• Eg. hydrogen and chlorine combined is called hydrogen chloride
• For other combinations of nonmetals as a general rule, the element that has a
lower Group number comes first in the name
• Eg. carbon and oxygen combine to form CO2 which is carbon dioxide since carbon is
in Group 4 and oxygen in Group 6
For compounds that contain certain groups of atoms:

• There are common groups of atoms which occur regularly in

chemistry
• Examples include the carbonate ion(CO32-), sulfate ion (SO42-),
hydroxide ion (OH–) and the nitrate ion (NO3–)
• When these ions form a compound with a metal atom, the name of
the metal comes first
• Eg. KOH is potassium hydroxide, CaCO3 is calcium carbonate
Writing Word Equations & Balanced
Equations
• Word equations
• These show the reactants and products of a chemical reaction using
their full chemical names
• The arrow (which is spoken as “goes to” or “produces”) implies the
conversion of reactants into products
• Reaction conditions or the name of a catalyst can be written above the
arrow
Writing and balancing chemical equations
• These use the chemical symbols of each reactant and product
• When balancing equations, there needs to be the same number of
atoms of each element on either side of the equation
• The following nonmetals must be written as molecules: H2, N2, O2, F2,
Cl2, Br2 and I2
• Work across the equation from left to right, checking one element after
another
• If there is a group of atoms, for example a nitrate group (NO3–) that
has not changed from one side to the other, then count the whole group
as one entity rather than counting the individual atoms. For example:
•There are equal numbers of each atom on either side of the reaction arrow so the equation
is balanced
Balanced Equations
Using state symbols:
State symbols are written after formulae in chemical equations to show which physical state each substance is in:
Balanced Equations
Example 1
Aluminium (s)  +   Copper (II) Oxide (s)  →Aluminium Oxide (s)  +   Copper (s)
Unbalanced symbol equation:    
Al     +     CuO     →     Al2O3     +     Cu
ALUMINIUM: There is 1 aluminium atom on the left and 2 on the right
so if you end up with 2, you must start with 2. To achieve this, it must be 2Al
2Al     +     CuO     →     Al2O3     +     Cu
OXYGEN: There is 1 oxygen atom on the left and 3 on the right
so if you end up with 3, you must start with 3. To achieve this, it must be 3CuO
2Al     +     3CuO     →     Al2O3     +     Cu
COPPER: There is 3 copper atoms on the left and 1 on the right.
The only way of achieving 3 on the right is to have 3Cu
2Al     +     3CuO     →     Al2O3     +     3Cu
 Balanced Equations Example 2
Magnesium Oxide (s)  +  Nitric Acid (aq)  →Magnesium Nitrate (aq)  +   Water (l)
Unbalanced symbol equation:  
MgO   +   HNO3   →   Mg(NO3)2   +   H2O
MAGNESIUM: There is 1 magnesium atom on the left and 1 on the right so there are equal
numbers of magnesium atoms on both sides so these are kept the same
MgO   +   HNO3   →   Mg(NO3)2   +   H2O
OXYGEN: There is 1 oxygen atom on the left and 1 on the right so there is an equal number of
oxygen atoms on both sides.
It is therefore kept the same (remember that you are counting the nitrate group as a separate
group, so do not count the oxygen atoms in this group)
MgO   +   HNO3   →   Mg(NO3)2   +   H2O
HYDROGEN: There is 1 hydrogen atom on the left and 2 on the right. Therefore you must change HNO 3 to 2HNO3
MgO   +   2HNO3   →   Mg(NO3)2   +   H2O
Balance each of the following equations using the smallest whole number terms.
 
1- SO2 + O2 → SO3

 
2- KClO3 → KCl + O2
 

 
3- CaCl2 + AgNO3 → AgCl + Ca(NO3)2

 
 
4- Mg + HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + H2

 
 
5- PbS + O2 → PbO + SO2
Balance each of the following equations using the smallest whole number terms

6- C4H9OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O

7- C + SO2 → CS2 + CO

8- CH3CH2COOH + Ba(OH)2 → Ba(CH3CH2COO)2 + H2O

9- (NH4)2Cr2O7 → Cr2O3 + H2O + N2

10- CaCO3 + H3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2 + CO2 + H2O

H.W
• Worksheet
Atomic number, mass number and isotopes

• Atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons. The electrons are

arranged in shells around the nucleus. The periodic table is a chart of
all the elements arranged in increasing atomic number.
 Structure of the atom
• The nuclear model
• Atoms contain three sub-atomic particles called protons,neutrons and
electrons
• The protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus at the centre of the
atom.
• The nucleus is very much smaller than the atom as a whole.
• The electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus.
 Properties of sub-atomic particles

The number of electrons in an atom is always the same as the number of

protons, so atoms are electrically neutral overall.
Atoms can lose or gain electrons. When they do, they form charged particles
called ions:
•if an atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes a positively charged ion
•if an atom gains one or more electrons, it becomes a negatively charged ion
Atomic number and mass number
• The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called its atomic
number:
• The atoms of a particular element all have the same number of protons
• The atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons
• The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is called
its mass number
Atomic number and mass number
• The proton number is shown below the chemical symbol, and the mass
number is shown above. In this example the atomic number is 17 and
the mass number is 35. This means that each of these atoms has:
• 17 protons
• 17 electrons
• 35 - 17 = 18 neutrons
Calculate each of the three subatomic particles?
Calculate each of the three subatomic particles?
Calculate each of the three subatomic particles?
Calculate each of the three subatomic particles?
Calculate each of the three subatomic particles?
Ions
• Video

• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-
and-properties/introduction-to-compounds/v/introduction-to-ions
Isotopes
• Isotopes are atoms of an element with the normal number of protons
and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes have the
same atomic number, but different mass numbers.
• Isotopes can either be radioactive or non-radioactive. For
example, 14C is used in radiocarbon dating to determine the age of
historical objects and 99Tc is used in medical imaging.
Three isotopes of hydrogen

• Most hydrogen atoms consist of just one proton and one electron, but
some also have one or two neutrons.
Relative atomic mass

• Different atoms have different masses. Atoms have such a

small mass it is more convenient to know their masses compared to
each other. Carbon is taken as the standard atom and has a relative
atomic mass (Ar) of 12.
• Atoms with an Ar of less than this have a smaller mass than a carbon
atom.
• Atoms with an Ar that is more than this have a larger mass than a
carbon atom.
Ar values of elements

• The table shows some Ar values:

Chlorine's Ar of 35.5 is an average of the masses of the

different isotopes of chlorine.
Calculating relative atomic mass from isotopic abundance

• The relative atomic mass of an element is a weighted average of the

masses of the atoms of the isotopes - because if there is much more of
one isotope then that will influence the average mass much more than
the less abundant isotope will.
• For example, chlorine has two isotopes: 35Cl and 37Cl. But the relative
atomic mass of chlorine is not 36. In any sample of chlorine, 75 per
cent of the atoms are 35Cl and the remaining 25 per cent are 37Cl.
Example #1
• The relative atomic mass is worked out using the following formula,
illustrated for two isotopes, where the abundances are given in
percentage values.
Example #2
Answer
H.W
• Worksheet
The periodic table

• There are more than 100 different elements. The periodic table is a

chart showing all the elements arranged in order of increasing atomic
number. The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups.
Each group contains elements that have similar properties.
The modern periodic table
The modern periodic table

• The periodic table has eight main groups. For example, Group 1

contains very reactive metals such as sodium (Na), while Group 7
contains very reactive non-metals such as chlorine (Cl).

• There are no compounds in the periodic table, because these consist

of two or more different elements joined together by chemical bonds.
Relative Atomic Mass & Relative
Molecular Mass
• Relative atomic mass

• The symbol for the relative atomic mass is Ar

• This is calculated from the mass number and relative abundances of

all the isotopes of a particular element
Relative formula (molecular) mass

• The symbol for the relative molecular mass is Mr and it refers to the
total mass of the molecule.

• To calculate the Mr of a substance, you have to add up the Relative

Atomic Masses of all the atoms present in the formula
Find the formula mass of the following
compounds.
• Fe(NO3)3

• Co(ClO3)2

• Cu2C4H4O6

• CuSO4 . 7 H2O
Answers
• 241.9

• 225.8

• 275.2

• 285.7
The Mole & Avogadro’s Constant

• The mole
• This is the mass of a substance containing the same number of
fundamental units as there are atoms in exactly 12.000 g of 12C
• The mole is the unit representing the amount of atoms, ions, or
molecules
• One mole is the amount of a substance that contains 6.02 x
1023 particles (Atoms, Molecules or Formulae) of a substance (6.02 x
1023 is known as the Avogadro Number)
Examples

• 1 mole of Sodium (Na) contains 6.02 x 1023 Atoms of Sodium

• 1 mole of Hydrogen (H2) contains 6.02 x 1023 Molecules of Hydrogen
• 1 mole of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) contains  6.02 x 1023 Formula
units of Sodium Chloride
Linking the mole and the atomic mass

• One mole of any element is equal to the relative atomic mass of that element
in grams
• For example one mole of carbon, that is if you had 6.02 x 1023 atoms of
carbon in your hand, it would have a mass of 12g
• So one mole of helium atoms would have a mass of 4g, lithium 7g etc
• For a compound we add up the relative atomic masses
• So one mole of water would have a mass of 2 x 1 + 16 = 18g
• Hydrogen which has an atomic mass of 1 is therefore equal to 1/12 the mass of
a 12C atom
• So one carbon atom has the same mass as 12 hydrogen atoms
Calculating Reacting Masses, Solutions &
Concentrations of Solutions in g/dm3 & mol/dm3
• Formula triangle for moles, mass and formula mass
 
1. Calculating Moles
2. Calculating Mass
3. Calculating Relative Formula Mass
Q1)
• How many moles are in 40.0 grams of water?
A1)
Q2)
• How many grams are in 3.7 moles of Na2O?
A2)
Q3)
• How many atoms are in 14 moles of cadmium?
A3)
Q4)
• How many moles are in 4.3 x 1022 molecules of H3PO4?
A4)
Q5)
• How many molecules are in 48.0 grams of NaOH?
A5)
The Mole & the Volume of Gases

• Molar volume
• This is the volume that one mole of any gas (be it molecular such as
CO2 or monoatomic such as helium) will occupy
• It’s value is 24dm3 or 24,000 cm3 at room temperature and pressure
(r.t.p.)

• 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3

Calculations involving gases
1. Calculating the volume of gas that a particular amount of moles occupies
Equation:
2. Calculating the moles in a particular
volume of gas
Calculations involving gases
Calculations involving gases
Q1)
• What volume will 0.750 moles of nitrogen gas occupy?
Q2)
• What volume will 100. grams of oxygen gas occupy?
Q3)
• How many moles are contained in 2.500 liters of methane (CH4)?
Q4)
• Calculate the mass of 300. liters of dinitrogen monoxide.
Q5)
• What volume will 10. grams of ammonia occupy?
4. Calculating Percentage Composition
• The percentage composition is found by calculating the percentage by
mass of each particular element in a compound
Example 1: For the compound Ca(OH)2 or
calcium hydroxide, find the per cent
composition of the element Calcium(Ca).
• Formula mass of Ca(OH)2 
• Formula mass = 40 + 32 + 2 = 74
Find the per cent composition of each
element in water.
Calculations of solutions: moles,
concentration and volume
• General Equation:
• Concentration (mol / dm3)  =  Amount of substance (mol) ÷ Volume of
solution (dm3)
• This general equation is rearranged for the term as is asked in the
question.
1. Calculating Moles
2. Calculating Concentration
3. Calculating Volume
• Equation:
• Volume (dm3)  =  Amount of substance (mol) ÷ Concentration (mol /
dm3)
For example, if you have 1.5 mol of NaCl dissolved in 0.500 L of solution, its molarity is therefore
Calculations of solutions: moles,
concentration and volume
• If the quantity of the solute is given in mass units, you must
convert mass units to mole units before using the definition of
molarity to calculate concentration. For example, what is the
molar concentration of a solution of 22.4 g of HCl dissolved in
1.56 L?
• First, convert the mass of solute to moles using the
molar mass of HCl (36.5 g/mol):
Now we can use the definition of molarity to determine a concentration:
Example:

• 25.0 cm3 of 0.050 mol / dm3 sodium carbonate was completely

neutralised by 20.00 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid. Calculate the
concentration, in mol / dm3 of the hydrochloric acid.

• Na2CO3  +  2HCl  →  2NaCl  +  H2O  +  CO2

Answer
Step 1 – Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium carbonate reacted
              Amount of Na2CO3  =  ( 5.0 x 0.050 ) ÷ 1000  =  0.00125 mol
Step 2 – Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid reacted
              Na2CO3  +  2HCl  →  2NaCl  +  H2O  +  CO2
              1 mol of Na2CO3 reacts with 2 mol of HCl
              0.00125 mol of  Na2CO3 Reacts with 0.00250 mol of HCl
Step 3 – Calculate the concentration, in mol / dm3, of the Hydrochloric Acid
              1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
              Concentration ( mol / dm3 ) =  0.00250 ÷ ( 20 ÷ 1000 )  =   0.125
                                         Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid = 0.125 mol / dm3
Example
• Calculate the volume of hydrochloric acid of concentration 1.0 mol /
dm3 that is required to react completely with 2.5g of calcium
carbonate.

• CaCO3 +  2HCl  → CaCl2  +  H2O  +  CO2

Answer
Step 1 – Calculate the amount, in moles, of calcium carbonate that reacts
              Mr of CaCO3 is 100
               Amount of CaCO3  =  ( 2.5 ÷ 100 )  =  0.025 mol
Step 2 – Calculate the moles of hydrochloric acid required
               CaCO3 +  2HCl  → CaCl2  +  H2O  +  CO2
               1 mol of CaCO3 requires 2 mol of HCl
               0.025 mol of CaCO3 Requires 0.05 mol of HCl
Step 3 – Calculate the volume of HCl Required
Volume  =  ( mol of Substance  ÷  Concentration )
                             =  0.05  ÷  1.0
                             =  0.05 mol
                            Volume of Hydrochloric Acid = 0.05 mol
Example:
• 23.5g of NaCl is dissolved in enough water to make .683 L of solution.
a) What is the molarity (M) of the solution?
• b) How many moles of NaCl are contained in 0.0100 L of the above
NaCl solution?
• c) What volume (L) of this NaCl solution would contain 0.200 moles of
NaCl?
Calculating Reacting Masses

• Reacting Masses: Chemical equations can be used to calculate the

moles or masses of Reactants and Products
• Use information from the question to find the mole of a substance /
reactant
• Identify the ratio of the substance and reactants and find the moles of
others
• Apply mole calculations to find answer
Example 1:

• Calculate the Mass of Magnesium Oxide that can be made by

completely burning 6 g of Magnesium in Oxygen
Answers
Example 2:

• Calculate the Mass, in Tonnes, of Aluminium that can be

Produced from 51 Tonnes of Aluminium Oxide

• Aluminium Oxide (s)  →   Aluminium (s)   +   Oxygen (g)

• Symbol Equation:     2Al2O3     →       4Al       +       3O2
• Ar and Mr:Aluminium : 27    Oxygen : 16    Aluminium Oxide : 102
• 1 Tonne = 106 g
Answer
Example 3
• Sodium oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce sodium
chloride and water, according to the equation

• What mass of HCl is required for 2.5 g of Na2O to completely react?

Give your answer to 1 decimal place.
Example 4
• Carbon tetrachloride can be synthesized by reacting chlorine with
methane according to the equation

• If 8.0 g of HCl is produced, what mass of methane is consumed? Give

your answer to the nearest 2 decimal places.
Example 5
• 12 g of magnesium reacts completely with excess hydrochloric acid to
form magnesium chloride and hydrogen:
• Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
• Calculate the maximum mass of hydrogen that can be produced. (Ar of
Mg = 24, Mr of H2 = 2)
Answer
Example 6
• 1.0 g of calcium carbonate decomposes to form calcium oxide and
carbon dioxide:
• CaCO3(g) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
• Calculate the maximum mass of carbon dioxide that can be produced.
(Mr of CaCO3 = 100, Mr of CO2 = 44)
Answer
Example 7
• In a titration, 25.00 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution
is exactly neutralised by 20.00 cm3 of a dilute solution of hydrochloric
acid. Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution.
Answer
Example 8
• 25.00 cm3 of 0.300 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is exactly
neutralised by 0.100 mol dm-3 sulfuric acid. Calculate the volume of
sulfuric acid needed.
Answer