Dna Reporting Group 1

GROUP 1 REPORTING
• He was a biologist, meteorologist and

mathematician.
• Mendel developed three principles of
inheritance that described the
transmission of genetic traits, before
anyone knew genes existed.
• Mendel's insight greatly expanded the
understanding of genetic inheritance, and
led to the development of new
experimental methods.
DNA is a short abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid.
- It is a molecule, a group of atoms stuck together in a shape of a double helix which is like a ladder that’s been turned and twisted many times into a spiral.
- It’s the genetic code that determines all the characteristics of a living thing. It dictates the shape or your face, the color of your eyes, and even the complexion of your skin.
We have 3 billion cells in our body that we can’t see and each
cell has a job.
Some bunch of cells

make up our bones,
some in our brain, and
some in our skin. And
all together they make
our bodies.
// But how does each cell know what to do?
INSECTS CATS HUMANS TREES
That’s where DNA comes in

and like a boss it instructs the
cells what to do.
In other words, it is a
blueprint for your body.
• DNA replication plays an important role in the growth and renewal of
cells.
• Gene - the segment of DNA that gives codes for the proteins that make
up almost any part of your body. The body contains thousands of genes.
• Before the cell divides, inside needs to be copied this includes all of the
parts of the cell. The mitochondria, chromosomes and nucleus.
• The human body cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. During cell
division the DNA in the chromosome is replicated to form 46 pairs.
• The cells divides to form two new daughter cells each, the splitting of
chromosomes happens during the stage in cell division called mitosis.
• DNA is made of many nucleotides each
containing a base represented by the
letters A,T,C and G. There are two
strands of nucleotides twisted
together to form a double helix.
• The strands are complementary so
whenever there is an A in one strand it
will be joined to a T in the opposite
strand, same to C and G.
• During the replication the double helix unwinds, then an enzyme

called a helicase that unzips the dna so the two strands are seperated.
• An enzyme called DNA polymerase attaches itself to the dna strands.
And is used to add complementary free nucleotides on both strands.
• In that process, we will form two dna molecules each of which have
one brand new strand and one from the original dna.
• The RNA’s look a lot like DNA but they are more
smaller and can get through the pores in the
membrane of the nucleus. And enter a particle called
Ribosomes.
• Ribosomes are like a protein building

machine. They read the RNA code three
letters at a time and absorb amino acid from
their sorroundings and stick them together
like a chain.
• mRNA or messenger RNA
• tRNA or transfer RNA
• rRNA or ribosomal RNA
• The proteins that build you come in • That’s why the DNA enters and takes
different kinds, nearly millions of it. control of the situation, by telling the
amino acid how to make a perfect protein
And each has to be formed in a perfect shape.
shape to work right. As an imperfect shape
usually don’t functions well. So that everything, right from the
cells to organs to any living
organism turns out just fine.
Synthesis means “to make something”. To put it up together,

protein synthesis means “to make protein”. The importance of
protein synthesis is that it provides the components of a cell and it
makes enzymes needed to create other organic molecules.
• Transcription is the process in which the codes of the DNA are
converted into the codes in the mRNA.
3 STAGES IN TRANSCRIPTION:
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
• After the MRNA strand goes to the cytoplas, it will now go to the
ribosomes for the second step of gene expression which is translation
What is the difference between a codon and anticodon?

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in messenger RNA that
determines the position of amino acids when a cell starts making
proteins. An anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides in transfer
RNA that binds to a corresponding codon and designates a specific
amino acid.
Let’s talk about
• The Amino Acid is an essential chemical inside our body and is often reffered
to as building blocks of life. They common in different shapes and height.
• Your body links these amino acids together in specific ways to build proteins.
Now, these newly formed proteins along with other chemicals combine to
create cells.
• These cells then form tissues that make u

your muscles and organs that when put up
together forms living organisms like YOU.
• As you can see at this DNA model, it is made
of a different kind of chemicals shown in
different colors and alphabets.
• These letters are the genetic codes present all
over the DNA thread. Which is very long and
stays coiled up inside the nucleus of the cell.
• We have many different nitrogenous bases

that are the codes for the amino acids and
some examples are:
U - Uracil G - Guanine
A - Adenine C - Cytosine
The DNA needs to interact
with amino acid that leave
outside the nucleus.
In a place called cytoplasm.
And because DNA cannot
leave the nucleus, the cell
makes a copy of the DNA
sequence in RNA.
• A gene mutation occurs when the DNA sequence that makes up a gene is
altered.
• Gene mutation can be hereditary or somatic.
• Hereditary mutations - are inhereted from parents as they are present in

the sperm cell and the egg cell.
• Somatic mutations - (nonheritable) are caused by failure of the DNA to

replicate itself properly and by environmental factors such as exposure to
harmful chemicals and ultraviolet radiation which cause the DNA to break
down.
- In simple terms, DNA is a molecular blueprint for living organisms that
create RNA that in turn form proteins that can go on to form the magical
thing called “Life”.

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GROUP 1 REPORTING

• He was a biologist, meteorologist and

Some bunch of cells

INSECTS CATS HUMANS TREES

That’s where DNA comes in

• During the replication the double helix unwinds, then an enzyme

• Ribosomes are like a protein building

Synthesis means “to make something”. To put it up together,

What is the difference between a codon and anticodon?

• These cells then form tissues that make u

• We have many different nitrogenous bases

• Gene mutation can be hereditary or somatic.

• Hereditary mutations - are inhereted from parents as they are present in

• Somatic mutations - (nonheritable) are caused by failure of the DNA to

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