NEPAL LIVING

STANDARDS
SURVEY 2010/2011
HIGHLIGHTS

Dr. Prasanna Lama

2nd Year Resident
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Community Medicine
Kathmandu Medical College
 OBJECTIVES
 General objective:-
1. Update data on the living standards of the people
Specific Objectives:-
1. Assess the impact of various government policies and
programs on the socio-economic changes in the country
from 2003 to 2009(7years)
2. Track changes experienced by previously enumerated
households from 1995 to 2009(15years) and 2003 to
2009(7years)

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 METHODOLOGY
o Study Site/Coverage :
 Whole country(rural and urban areas)

75 administrative districts MOUNTAINS

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HILLS
Ecological Belts

TERAI
5 Development Regions

Mid-
Eastern Central Western Far-Western 3
Western
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 METHODOLOGY
o Study Population :
 Inclusion Criteria:- All households in the country(Foreign
nationals)
 Exclusion Critera:- 1. Households of diplomatic
missions

2. Institutional households (like

people living in schools hostels, prisons, army
camps and hospitals)
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 METHODOLOGY
Study period:

 February 2010 - February 2011

 First phase- February 21, 2010-March 21 2010

 Second phase- April 3, 2010 - June 26, 2010

 Third phase- July 1, 2010 - October 24, 2010

 Fourth phase - October 29, 2010 - First week of February, 2011

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 Field review meetings were held in the break periods
between these phases

1. Discussions of field difficulties and

2. Rectifying the errors.

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 METHODOLOGY
 NLSS-III followed the Living Standards Measurement Survey
(LSMS) methodology developed and promoted by the World Bank
(WB).
 Main features of the methodology include:

1. Relatively “smaller” sample size compared with the

other in depth household surveys
2. “Integrated” multi-topic household questionnaire for
collecting a comprehensive data set on household welfare
3. “Innovative” data management technique
including field based data entry and field verification
system
4. “Panel” sample in addition to the nationally
representative sample of households
5. Data collection over a period of 12 months divided into 8
several phases to capture “seasonal variation”
 METHODOLOGY
 Sampling frame
 Initial frame for the NLSS-III survey was based on the frame
prepared for the 2008 Nepal Labour Force Survey (NLFS-II)
 done “to take advantage of the cartographic segmentation and
household listing operations” conducted by the CBS for the NLFS-
II
 Number of households at ward level(2001 Population Census)
 Data set with basic information (number of households, total
population, and male and female population) at the ward level(CBS)

 Construct the frame for the selection of primary sampling units

(PSUs)

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 METHODOLOGY
 PSU for the NLFS-II:- Either individual wards or
sub-wards or groups of contiguous wards in the same VDC

 Single PSU- Group of wards (each unit contained

at least 30 households)
 Selection of households in the NLFS-II
 frame was prepared in each ward selected at the earlier stage of
sampling

 list of all households was prepared in all the wards selected for the
survey
 Selection of households was carried out from these listings (Systematic
sampling with a random start)
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 METHODOLOGY

 Before the listing, an intensive cartographic work was

undertaken ( Urban areas and Rural areas) to form
appropriate enumeration block having around 200
households.

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 METHODOLOGY
 Stratification
 NLFS-II sample selection- 75 districts along with the urban and rural areas

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 METHODOLOGY
 Sample Design
 NLSS-III :- modified sub-sample of the sample adopted in NLFS-II
 NLFS-II :- 800 PSUs were selected (400 PSUs each from urban
and rural areas)
 PSUs :- Probability proportional to size, the measure of size being
the number of households
 NLSS-III :- Two independent samples were selected- 1. Cross
sectional sample

2. Panel sample (PSUs and households previously

enumerated in one or both of the past two 13

rounds of the survey)

 METHODOLOGY
 Cross-sectional sample was selected in three stages-
 First stage- enumeration area units (primary sampling
units) ~ NLFS-II
 NLFS-II -sample of 800 PSUs allocated into six
explicit strata (Box 1.2)
Within each stratum, the PSUs were selected with probability
proportional to size (pps), the number of households being the
measure of size

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 METHODOLOGY
o Second stage- 500 of the 800 NLFS-II PSUs were
selected to form the NLSS III PSUs
for this selection purpose the six strata of
NLFS-II were further divided into 14 sub
strata (Box 1.2). Within each sub-
stratum, the sample was selected with
equal probability.

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 METHODOLOGY

 Third stage-12 households were selected with equal

probability in each PSU (using the computerized
household listings generated by the NLFS-II as the sample
frame)
 Additional 6 households were selected in each PSU, to
be used as replacement household for non-response
among the 12 originally selected households

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 METHODOLOGY
 Panel sample

 NLSS-III :- all households visited by the NLSS-II in 100 of

its primary sampling units (PSUs) [one half of the NLSS -III panel
households were households visited for the first time during the
NLSS-II, whereas the other half were the households visited
during both the NLSS-I and the NLSS-I]

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 METHODOLOGY

 Sample size :-7200 households in 600 PSUs

 Among them, 100 PSUs with 1200 households
interviewed in the NLSS-I or NLSS-II were selected for
re-interviewing in the NLSS-III
 500 PSUs with 6000 households were selected as the
cross-section sample (Box 1.3 and 1.4)
 12 households were selected for the enumeration from
each of the selected PSU

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CROSS-SECTION

500
PANEL

100

600

6,000
PANEL

1,200

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7,200
 METHODOLOGY
o Enumeration status
 499 primary sampling units (PSUs) from the cross
section sample = 5988 sample households
 100 PSUs from the panel sample = 1032
households
 (513 households were the households enumerated in the
NLSS-II and the rest were the households enumerated in
both of NLSS-I & II)
 Total 7020 households were enumerated in the survey.

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 MAJOR FINDINGS

1. Demographic characteristics
- During the last 15 years (since NLSS-I), the percent of
population in 0-14 years of age group has decreased from 42
to 37
- 15-59 years age group has increased from 51 to 54 percent
- 60 years and over age group has increased from 7 to 9 percent
- Dependency ratio, sex ratio and household size exhibited a
decreasing trend during the same period
- proportion of female-headed
- households almost doubled (increased from 14 percent to 27
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percent)
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

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DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

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DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

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HOUSING AND HOUSEHOLD
FACILITIES

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ACCESS TO FACILITIES

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LITERACY AND EDUCATION

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HEALTH EXPENDITURES

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 MAJOR FINDINGS
 2. Housing and household facilities
- last 15 years, the proportion of households residing in their
own housing units has
decreased from 94 percent to 90 percent.
- The proportion of renters, on the other hand, has increased
from 2 to 8 percent
during the same period.
- Average size of dwelling has remained constant compared
with the NLSS-I.
- The average area of housing plot, however, has increased
from 1337 sq. ft in 1995/96 (NLSS-I) to 1625 sq. ft in 30
2010/11 (NLSS-III).
 MAJOR FINDINGS
- The proportion of households occupying housing units
with cement-bonded outer walls, and concrete or
galvanized sheet roof have increased between these two
periods (1995/96 – 2010/11).
- However, household's access to piped water has not
changed in the last 7 years.
- Household’s access to electricity and telephone has
significantly increased in the last 15 years. Access to
electricity and telephone has increased from 14 to 70
percent and from 1 to 13 percent
respectively.
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 MAJOR FINDINGS
 Overall, 56 percent of households now have toilet/latrine facility
in their own dwellings, compared to 22 percent in 1995/96.

 3. Access to facilities
- Between 1995/96 and 2010/11, accessibility to
different facilities has improved almost universally. Household's
access to primary schools within 30 minutes (of travel time) was
88 percent in 1995/96, after 15 years it has reached 95 percent.
- During the same period, the proportion of households with
access to bus stop within 30 minutes has increased by some 33
percentage points, paved road by 27 percentage points and dirt
road by 22 percentage points
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 MAJOR FINDINGS
- Access to bank increased by 19 percentage points.
- Access to market center within 30 minutes increased by
21 percentage points, Haat bazaars by 23 percentage
points, cooperatives by 28 percentage points, and to
agriculture center by 18
percentage points.

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Thank you for your time
and attention.

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