Types of an Operating Systems,

- Batch Processing Operating System.

- Timesharing Operating System.
- Real Time Operating System.
- Networked Operating System.
- Distributed Operating System.
BATCH PROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEM

• Batch Processing Operating System

environment: they were implemented in the early
1950’s.Users submit jobs to a central place where
these jobs are collected into a batch and
subsequently placed on an input queue. Users
submit jobs on regular schedule (e.g. daily,
weekly, monthly to a central place where the user
of such system did not interact directly with
computer system.
• In this case, the response time is the turnaround
time, the time from submission of the job until
execution is completed and the results are ready
for return to the person who submitted the job. A
job constituted the set of program instruction
corresponding to a particular computation task. It
consists of program and data.
• To speed up the processing, jobs with similar needs
were batched together and were run through the
computer as a group. Thus, the programmer would leave
the programs with the operator. The output
from each job would send to the appropriate
programmer. The major task of this type was to transfer
control automatically from one job to the next.
• In batching, a compiler can be loaded once to
process, all the jobs in a row are stored in queues. OS
commands are embedded in the batch stream so that
these jobs could be executed automatically. These
commands are written in JCL (Job Control Language)
which includes commands for marking a job at the
beginning and at the end, loading and execution of
programs. Batch jobs are executed one at a time.
• Batch processing is where programs and data are
collected together in batch before processing
starts. Each piece of work for a batch processing
system is called A Job. There is no interaction
between the user and the computer while the
program is being run.
• It does not interact with the computer directly.
There is an operator which takes similar jobs
having the same requirement and group them
into batches. It is the responsibility of the
operator to sort jobs with similar needs. 
BATCH PROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEM
BENEFITS OF BATCH PROCESSING

• It allows sharing of computer resources among

many users or programs.
• It shifts the time of job processing to when the
computing resources are less busy. The idle time
for the batch system is very less.
• Multiple users can share the batch systems.
• It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in
batch systems.
Disadvantages of Batch System

- Turnaround time can be large from user

standpoint.
- Difficult to debug program.
- Lack of interaction between the user and the
job.
- CPU is often idle, because the speed of the
mechanical I/O devices is slower than the CPU.
- Difficult to provide the desired priority.
- The computer operators should be well known
with batch systems.
- It is sometimes costly.
- The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown
time if any job fails.
• It is very difficult to guess or know the time required
for any job to complete. Processors of the batch
systems know how long the job would be when it is in
queue.
Examples of Batch based Operating System:

- Payroll System,
- Bank Statements.
 
TIMESHARING OPERATING SYSTEM

• In this environment, a computer provides

computer services to several or many users
concurrently on-line. The users can share the
central processor, memory and other resources of
the computer system in a manner facilitated,
controlled and monitored by the OS. The user
has full interaction with the program during its
execution.
• Many of timesharing systems were multimode
system that supported batch processing as well as
real time application. It is an example of
multiprogramming systems because it supported
multiple interactive users.
• Time sharing (or multitasking) is a logical
extension of multiprogramming. In time-sharing
systems, the CPU executes multiple jobs by
switching among them, but the switches occur so
frequently that the users can interact with each
program while it is running.
• Time sharing requires an interactive (or hands-
on) computer system, which provides direct
communication between the user and the system.
The user gives instructions to the operating
system or to a program directly, using an input
device such as a keyboard or a mouse, and waits
for immediate results on an output device.
Accordingly, the response time should be short-
typically less than one second.
• A time-shared operating system allows many users
to share the computer simultaneously. Since each
action or command in a time-shared system tends to
be short, only a little CPU time is needed for each
user. As the system switches rapidly from one user
to the next, each user is given the impression that
the entire computer system is dedicated to his use,
even though it is being shared among many users.
• The main difference between Multiprogrammed
Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that
in case of Multiprogrammed Batch Systems, the
objective is to maximize processor use, whereas
in Time-Sharing Systems, the objective is to
minimize response time.
• This type of OS provides on-line communication between the
user and the system, the user gives his instructions directly and
receives intermediate response, and therefore it called
Interactive System.
The time sharing system allows many user simultaneously share
the computer system. The CPU is multiplexed rapidly among
several programs, which are kept in memory and on disk. A
program swapped in and out of memory to the disk.
Time sharing system reduces the CPU ideal time. The
disadvantage is more complex.
Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are as follows −

• Provides the advantage of quick response.

• Avoids duplication of software.
• Reduces CPU idle time.
• Each task gets an equal opportunity.
Disadvantages of Time-sharing operating
systems are as follows −
• Problem of reliability.
• Question of security and integrity of user
programs and data. One must have to take care of
the security and integrity of user programs and
data.
• Problem of data communication.
• The task can be from a single user or different
users also. The time that each task gets to execute
is called Quantum. After this time interval is
over OS switches over to the next task. 
Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are:

• Multics,
• Unix, etc. 
TIMESHARING OPERATING SYSTEM
Real Time Operating System

In this environment, larger number of events

mostly external to the computer system must be
accepted and processed in a short while or within
a certain deadline.
• The key objective is to provide quick response
time and thus meet their scheduling deadlines. If
it delivers the correct result after deadlines the
system is regarded as having failed. It performs
few tasks, thus ensuring that the tasks will
always be executed before the deadline.
• It reduces certain functions when they cannot be
executed within the time constraints. It monitors
input consistently and in a timely manner. It
keeps track of how much of each resources might
possibly be used by the currently running tasks.
• They are in time critical environments where
reliability is key and data must be processed
within a strict time limit.
Real Time System is characterized by supplying
immediate response. It guarantees that critical
tasks complete on time.
• This type must have a preknown maximum time limit
for each of the functions to be performed on the
computer.
• Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time
requirements on the operation of a processor or the
flow of data.
• Real-time systems can be used as a control device in a
dedicated application.
• The time interval required to process and respond to
inputs is very small. This time interval is called
Response Time. 
• The time taken by the system to respond to an input
and display of required updated information is termed
as the Response Time.
• Real-Time systems are used when there are time
requirements that are very strict like A real-time system is
defined as a data processing system in which the time
interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small
that it controls the environment. So in this method, the
response time is very less as compared to online processing.
• Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time
requirements on the operation of a processor or the
flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a
control device in a dedicated application. A real-time
operating system must have well-defined, fixed time
constraints, otherwise the system will fail.
Types of Real-Time Operating System
• Hard Real-Time Systems: 
These OSs are meant for applications where time
constraints are very strict and even the shortest
possible delay is not acceptable. These systems are
built for saving life like automatic parachutes or
airbags which are required to be readily available in
case of any accident. Virtual memory is rarely found in
these systems.
• Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks
complete on time. In hard real-time systems,
secondary storage is limited or missing and the data is
stored in ROM. In these systems, virtual memory is
almost never found.
Soft Real-Time Systems: 

• These OSs are for applications where for time-

constraint is less strict. Soft real-time systems are
less restrictive. A critical real-time task gets
priority over other tasks and retains the priority
until it completes.
• Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard
real-time systems. For example, multimedia, virtual
reality, Advanced Scientific Projects like undersea
exploration and planetary rovers, etc.
 Advantages of RTOS:  

• Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of

devices and system, thus more output from all the
resources
• Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in
these systems are very less. For example, in older systems,
it takes about 10 microseconds in shifting one task to
another, and in the latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
• Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and
less importance to applications which are in the queue.
• Real-time operating system in the embedded
system: Since the size of programs are small, RTOS
can also be used in embedded systems like in transport
and others.
• Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
• Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best
managed in these types of systems.
Disadvantages of RTOS:  

• Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time

and their concentration is very less on few applications
to avoid errors.
• Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system
resources are not so good and they are expensive as
well.
• Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very
complex and difficult for the designer to write on.
• Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific
device drivers and interrupts signals to respond earliest
to interrupts.
• Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority
as these systems are very less prone to switching tasks.
Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are:

• Scientific Experiments, Medical Imaging Systems,

Industrial Control Systems, Weapon Systems, Robots,
Air Traffic Control Systems, Flight Control, Airline
Reservation System, Missile systems, Air traffic
control systems.etc. 
NETWORKED OPERATING SYSTEM:

• It enables its processes to access resources. A process

can execute on the computer on which it is created or
on another computer on the network. A networked
computing system is a collection of physical
interconnected computers. In a network OS, the users
are aware of the existence of multiple computers and
can log into remote machines and copy files from one
machine to another.
• It controls one computer but cooperates with other
computer on the network. Each machine run its own
local OS and has its own user and network interface
controller.
• A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides
the server the capability to manage data, users, groups,
security, applications, and other networking functions. The
primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow
shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a
network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private
network or to other networks.
• These types of operating systems allow shared access of
files, printers, security, applications, and other networking
functions over a small private network. One more
important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all
the users are well aware of the underlying configuration,
of all other users within the network, their individual
connections, etc. and that’s why these computers are
popularly known as tightly coupled systems. 
Examples of Network Operating Systems
• Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows
Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell
NetWare, and BSD.
Advantages of network operating systems

• Centralized servers are highly stable.

• Security of server is well managed.
• Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be
easily integrated into the system.
• Remote access to servers is possible from different
locations and types of systems.
Disadvantages of Network Operating Systems

• High cost of buying and running a server.

• Dependency on a central location for most operations
means User has to depend on a central location for
most operations
• Regular maintenance and updates are required.
DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM

• These types of the operating system is a recent

advancement in the world of computer technology and
are being widely accepted all over the world and, that
too, with a great pace. Various autonomous
interconnected computers communicate with each
other using a shared communication network.
Independent systems possess their own memory unit
and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled
systems or distributed systems.
• These system’s processors differ in size and function.
The major benefit of working with these types of the
operating system is that it is always possible that one
user can access the files or software which are not
actually present on his system but some other system
connected within this network i.e., remote access is
enabled within the devices connected in that network. 
• Distributed OS is a single OS that manages resources
on more than one computer system. It provides the
illusion that multiple computers are single powerful
computer so that a process can access all of the system
resources regardless of the process location within the
distributed system network computers.
Disadvantages of Distributed OS
• They are difficult to implement.
• Require complicated algorithm to enable processes to
communicate and share data. To establish distributed systems
the language which is used are not well defined yet.
• Failure of the main network will stop the entire
communication.
• These types of systems are not readily available as they are
very expensive. Not only that the underlying software is
highly complex and not understood well yet
The Advantages of distributed systems
With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use
the resources available at another.
Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can
potentially continue operating. Failure of one will not affect the
other network communication, as all systems are independent from
each other
Better service to the customers.
Reduction of the load on the host computer.
Reduction of delays in data processing.
Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast
and durable
Load on host computer reduces
These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be
easily added to the network
Delay in data processing reduces
Examples of Distributed Operating
System:
• AIX operating system for IBM RS/6000 computers.
Solaris operating system for SUN multiprocessor
workstations. Mach/OS is a multitasking and multithreading
UNIX compatible operating system. OSF/1 operating system.