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    Session 3

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    Adithyan LGx᭄PHФΞЛłЖ
    The document discusses several topics related to internal ballistics including heat problems in firearms, pressure development, recoil, vibration and jump, and barrel fouling. Specifically, it notes that combustion temperatures can reach 3000°C but gases are only in contact with the barrel for 0.001 seconds, preventing melting. However, this brief high heat can gradually erode the barrel over time if not addressed. Pressure is dependent on several ammunition and firearm factors and can lead to bursts if excessive. Recoil results from the motion of ejected materials and gases and is measured using various techniques. Vibration and upward jump also occur on firing. Barrel fouling from residue must be periodically cleaned to avoid accuracy reductions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Session 3

    Uploaded by

    Adithyan LGx᭄PHФΞЛłЖ
    102 views15 pages
    The document discusses several topics related to internal ballistics including heat problems in firearms, pressure development, recoil, vibration and jump, and barrel fouling. Specifically, it notes that combustion temperatures can reach 3000°C but gases are only in contact with the barrel for 0.001 seconds, preventing melting. However, this brief high heat can gradually erode the barrel over time if not addressed. Pressure is dependent on several ammunition and firearm factors and can lead to bursts if excessive. Recoil results from the motion of ejected materials and gases and is measured using various techniques. Vibration and upward jump also occur on firing. Barrel fouling from residue must be periodically cleaned to avoid accuracy reductions.

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    SESSION 3

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    The document discusses several topics related to internal ballistics including heat problems in firearms, pressure development, recoil, vibration and jump, and barrel fouling. Specifically, it notes that combustion temperatures can reach 3000°C but gases are only in contact with the barrel for 0.001 seconds, preventing melting. However, this brief high heat can gradually erode the barrel over time if not addressed. Pressure is dependent on several ammunition and firearm factors and can lead to bursts if excessive. Recoil results from the motion of ejected materials and gases and is measured using various techniques. Vibration and upward jump also occur on firing. Barrel fouling from residue must be periodically cleaned to avoid accuracy reductions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    102 views15 pages

    Session 3

    Uploaded by

    Adithyan LGx᭄PHФΞЛłЖ
    The document discusses several topics related to internal ballistics including heat problems in firearms, pressure development, recoil, vibration and jump, and barrel fouling. Specifically, it notes that combustion temperatures can reach 3000°C but gases are only in contact with the barrel for 0.001 seconds, preventing melting. However, this brief high heat can gradually erode the barrel over time if not addressed. Pressure is dependent on several ammunition and firearm factors and can lead to bursts if excessive. Recoil results from the motion of ejected materials and gases and is measured using various techniques. Vibration and upward jump also occur on firing. Barrel fouling from residue must be periodically cleaned to avoid accuracy reductions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    BALLISTICS

    MODULE : 02
    SESSION : 03 Internal ballistics

    -Handled by Ms. Manashree Mane,


    Assistant Professor,
    Department of Forensic Science,
    School of Sciences,
    JAIN (Deemed-to-be-University),
    Bangalore 560027
    3. HEAT PROBLEMS

    • In combustion of propellants, the temperature may reach upto 3000℃


    • The barrels of the firearm melt at these temperatures, if the gases remain in
    the barrel for any appreciable time.
    • However, the time for which the hot gases are in contact with the barrel is
    about 0.001 second.
    • The high temperature results in gradual erosion called washing of the barrel
    due to continued flow of gases.
    • They carry away metal slowly but surely.
    • The washing effect though slow, ultimately increases barrel diameter.
    • Both the aim and range are affected considerably by the increase in diameter.

    26/02/2023 2
    • Erosion is comparatively rapid in automatic or semi-automatic firearms.
    • Here the barrels do not get sufficient time to cool in between the shots.
    • The erosion at higher temperatures is greater.
    • Nitroglycerine powders which generate higher temperatures causes the
    barrel to erode more quickly.
    • The leed, the barrel portion joining the chamber with the barrel bore is the
    first part of the firearm to be affected.
    • A widened leed facilitates the escape of the gases and consequently affects
    the ballistics (aim and range) of the projectile.

    26/02/2023 3
    • Gas cutting is another phenomenon observed in excessively used firearms.
    • The out-rushing hot gases, at certain points, either due to some deformity in
    the projectiles, or erosion of the leed, come out in the form of jets which
    creates furrows.
    • The furrows go on widening and deepening with passage of time due to the
    ever-increasing volumes of gases rushing through these channels.
    • The excessive heat and high temperatures sometimes deform the projectile
    especially lead projectiles affecting its ballistics.

    26/02/2023 4
    4. PRESSURE

    • Formation of excessive pressure may burst the firearm, causing even fatal
    accidents at times.
    • Such cases come up in criminal investigation.
    • Likewise, some firearm-ammunition pair may develop low pressures which
    change the ballistics of the projectiles and create injuries which require
    careful evaluation.

    26/02/2023 5
    A FIREARM-AMMUNITION PAIR DEVELOPS PRESSURE, WHICH
    MAINLY DEPENDS UPON:

    • Quantity and quality of powder charge


    • Space available for expansion
    • Speed of initiation and burning
    • Chemical nature of the powder
    • Shape and size of propellant
    • Progressive powders develop considerably less maximum pressure for
    velocities.
    • Shape and size of projectiles

    26/02/2023 6
    HIGH PRESSURES HAS SOME UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS

    • Increased wear and tear of the barrel


    • Increased recoil
    • Increased temperature

    26/02/2023 7
    5. RECOIL

    • Backward movement of the firearm.


    • Governed by Newton’s third law of motion.
    • Factors contributing:
    • Forward motion of the ejecta (projectiles, wads, powder residue particles)
    contribute about 50% of the recoil.
    • Out-rushing gases contribute about 10% of the recoil force.
    • Muzzle blast contributes about 40% of the recoil force.

    26/02/2023 8
    RECOIL VELOCITY

    1. Recoil velocity in a gun with mass M due to projectile with mass m1 and
    velocity v1 is given by
    MV= m1 v1
    V=recoil velocity,
    M=Mass of the gun,
    m1 =mass of the projectile,
    v1 =velocity of the projectile

    26/02/2023 9
    Recoil velocity Vg due to the gases:
    • Vg=m2v2/M
    V2 = average velocity of the gases
    M2 =mass of the powder charge

    • It is difficult to know the exact value of recoil velocity due to the blast.
    • It is often calculated from total recoil velocity after subtracting the recoil
    velocities due to projectiles and gases.

    26/02/2023 10
    EXAMPLE

    Total recoil velocity- 5m/s


    Velocity due to projectiles- 2.5m/s
    Velocity due to gases- 0.5m/s
    Remaining velocity due to blast- 2 m/s

    26/02/2023 11
    MEASUREMENT OF RECOIL

    (1) Firearm is fixed to ballistic pendulum and fired. The movement of


    pendulum is measured. The recoil velocity is ascertained from momentum.
    (2) The firearm is suspended from some fine wires and backward movement
    velocity of gun is noted with a high-speed camera.
    (3) The dynamometer measures compression of a spring or depth of
    indentation in lead. Comparison with known compression or indentations gives
    recoil velocity.
    (4) A standard gun (25kg) is suspended from the wires about two metres long.
    The arc of the gun made after firing is noted and used for calculating the recoil.
    This data can be used to determine the recoil in other guns.

    26/02/2023 12
    VIBRATION AND JUMP
    • The release and striking of the hammer causes some vibrations in the
    firearm.
    • However the vibrations are drowned by those caused by movement of
    projectiles in the barrel.
    • As soon as the projectiles starts forward motion, the firearm starts moving
    backward and upward.
    • The upward movement of the barrel is called jump.
    • The jump is noticeable in handguns.
    • The vibrations and jump are considerably affected by the manner in which
    the firearm is held.
    • Backward motion is responsible for recoil and recoil injuries.

    26/02/2023 13
    7. BARREL FOULING

    • Barrel fouling is due to the powder residues, primer residues or metal


    particles scraped from the projectiles.
    • In defective firearms/ammunition, incomplete combustion may also leave
    unburnt powder particles though it is rare.
    • The deposits adversely affect the ballistics of the projectiles fired through the
    fouled barrel.
    • When blackpowder was used, extensive barrel fouling from power residue
    was formed.
    • The repeated firing could turn the fouling into a cake by compressing the
    successive layers of the fouling that ultimately obstructed smooth movement
    of the projectiles in the barrel.

    26/02/2023 14
    • It was difficult to remove barrel fouling when caking had taken place.
    • The smokeless powders also foul the barrel but the magnitude is far less.
    • However if the barrel is not cleaned periodically it affects the accuracy.
    • The metallic fouling is a serious problem where the lead bullets are used.
    • However use of jacketed bullets even in revolvers largely reduce the fouling.
    • Electroplating of bullets was once a remedy but it was found to be more
    troublesome.
    • Metallic brushes remove metallic fouling.

    26/02/2023 15

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