7.chemical Equilibrium

Chemical Equilibrium
Learning Objectives:
• Derive expressions for equilibrium constants, Kc;
• Calculate Kc using equilibrium concentrations;
• Describe the relationship between Kc and Kp;
• Calculate Kp using the initial concentration and the
gas constant
• Differentiate homogeneous from heterogeneous
Equilibria
What is Equilibrium?
This is not Equilibrium?
Chemical Equilibrium in Nature:
(The formation of stalagmites and Stalactites)
Chemical Equilibrium
• Consider the following reactions:
CaCO3(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l)  Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3-(aq) ..(1)
and
Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3-(aq)  CaCO3(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l) ..(2)
Reaction (2) is the reverse of reaction (1).

At equilibrium the two opposing reactions occur at the
same rate.
Concentrations of chemical species do not change once
equilibrium is established.
Expression for Equilibrium Constant
Consider the following equilibrium system:

wA + xB ⇄ yC + zD
[C] y [D] z
Kc = w x
[A] [B]
• The numerical value of Kc is calculated using the

concentrations of reactants and products that exist at
equilibrium.
Expressions for Equilibrium Constants
• Examples:
[NH 3 ] 2
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄ 2NH3(g); Kc = [N 2 ][H 2 ]3
[PCl 3 ][Cl 2 ]
PCl5(g) ⇄ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g); Kc [PCl
= 5]
CH4(g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO(g) + 3H2(g);

[CO][H 2 ]3
K c =
[CH 4 ][H 2 O]
Calculating Equilibrium Constant
• Example-1:
1.000 mole of H2 gas and 1.000 mole of I2 vapor are
introduced into a 5.00-liter sealed flask. The mixture is
heated to a certain temperature and the following reaction
occurs until equilibrium is established.
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)
At equilibrium, the mixture is found to contain 0.316 mole
of HI. (a) What are the concentrations of H2, I2 and HI at
equilibrium? (b) Calculate the equilibrium constant Kc.
for reaction: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)
• ————————————————————————————
• H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2 HI(g)
• ————————————————————————————
• Initial [ ], M: 0.200 0.200 0.000
• Change in [ ], M: -0.158 -0.158 + 0.316
• Equilibrium [ ], M 0.042 0.042 0.316
• ————————————————————————————
[HI]2 (0.316) 2
Kc = [H=2 ][I 2=] 57 (0.042) 2
* Concentration is expressed using Molarity

M = 1 mole / 5 liter = 0.2
• Example-2:
0.500 mole of HI is introduced into a 1.00 liter sealed flask
and heated to a certain temperature. Under this condition
HI decomposes to produce H2 and I2 until an equilibrium is
established. An analysis of the equilibrium mixture shows
that 0.105 mole of HI has decomposed. Calculate the
equilibrium concentrations of H2, I2 and HI, and the
equilibrium constant Kc for the following reaction:
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g),
• The reaction: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g), proceeds from

right to left.
• ————————————————————————————
• H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)
• ————————————————————————————
• Initial [ ], M: 0.000 0.000 0.500
• Change in [ ], M: +0.0525 +0.0525 -0.105
• Equil’m [ ], M 0.0525 0.0525 0.395
• ————————————————————————————
(0.395) 2
Kc = 2 = 56.6
(0.0525)
M = 0.5 mole / 1 liter = 0.5
Equilibrium constants for different type of
reactions:
• The expression of equilibrium constant depends on how the
equilibrium equation is written. For example, for the
following equilibrium: 2
[HI]
• H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2 HI(g); Kc 
[H 2 ][I 2 ]
• For the reverse reaction:
[H 2 ][I 2 ]
• 2HI(g) ⇄ H2(g) + I2(g); K c '  2
 1/K c
[HI]
Expression and Values of
Equilibrium Constant Using Partial Pressures
• Consider the following reaction involving

gases:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g)
(PSO3 ) 2
K(P
p = ) 2 (P )
SO2 O2
The Relationship between Kc and Kp
• Consider the reaction: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g)

[SO3]2 (PSO3 ) 2
• Kc = and Kp =
[SO 2 ]2 [O 2 ] (PSO2 ) 2 (PO2 )
• Assuming ideal behavior,
• where PV = nRT and P = (n/V)RT = [M]RT
• and PSO3 = [SO3]RT; PSO2 = [SO2]RT; PO2 = [O2]RT
[SO 3 ]2 ( RT) 2 [SO 3 ]2 -1 -1
Kp  2 2
 2
( RT)  K c ( RT)
[SO 2 ] ( RT) [O 2 ]( RT) [SO 2 ] [O 2 ]
Relationship between Kc and Kp
• For reaction: PCl5(g)  PCl3(g) + Cl2(g);
(PPCl3 )( PCl2 ) [PCl 3 ]( RT) x [Cl 2 ]( RT)

Kp  
( PPCl5 ) [PCl 5 ]( RT)
[PCl 3 ][Cl 2 ]
 ( RT) 1  K C ( RT) 1
[ PCl 5 ]
• In general, for reactions involving gases such that,
• aA + bB ⇄ cC + dD
where A, B, C, and D are all gases, and a, b, c,
and d are their respective coefficients,
• Kp = Kc(RT)n
and n = (c + d) – (a + b)
• For other reactions:
• 1. 2NO2(g) ⇄ N2O4(g); Kp = Kc(RT) -1
• 2. H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2 HI(g); Kp = Kc (RT) 0

• 3. N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄ 2 NH3(g); Kp = Kc(RT)-2
Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Equilibria
Homogeneous equilibria:
CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO(g) + 3H2(g);
CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2(g);
Heterogeneous equilibria:
CaCO3(s) ⇄ CaO(s) + CO2(g);
HF(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ H3O+(aq) + F-(aq);
PbCl2(s) ⇄ Pb2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq);
Equilibrium Constant Expressions for
Heterogeneous System
• Examples:
CaCO3(s) ⇄ CaO(s) + CO2(g);
Kc = [CO2] Kp = PCO2; Kp = Kc(RT)
• HF(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ H3O+(aq) + F-(aq);

[H 3O  ][ F - ]
Ka 
[HF]
(In heterogeneous systems, only the coefficients of
the gaseous species are counted.)
Research Activity
Discuss the following:
1. Factors that affect equilibrium
2. Le Chatelier’s Principle
Engr. Melannie P. Adante

7.chemical Equilibrium

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

7.chemical Equilibrium

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

7.chemical Equilibrium

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemical Equilibrium

Reaction (2) is the reverse of reaction (1).

Consider the following equilibrium system:

• The numerical value of Kc is calculated using the

CH4(g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO(g) + 3H2(g);

* Concentration is expressed using Molarity

• The reaction: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g), proceeds from

• Consider the following reaction involving

• Consider the reaction: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g)

• For reaction: PCl5(g)  PCl3(g) + Cl2(g);

(PPCl3 )( PCl2 ) [PCl 3 ]( RT) x [Cl 2 ]( RT)

• 2. H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2 HI(g); Kp = Kc (RT) 0

• HF(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ H3O+(aq) + F-(aq);

You might also like