Introduction To Sets Form 2

Introduction to Sets
By Ms Lambert
Ms Peter
Explain
Explainconcepts
conceptsrelating
relatingtotosets
sets
Objectives Represent
Representaaset
setininvarious
variousforms
forms
List
Listsubsets
subsetsofofaagiven
givenset
set
Sets
• What is a set? Well, simply put, it's a collection.

• First, we specify a common property among "things" and then we gather up
all the "things" that have this common property.
• For example, the items you wear: hat, shirt, jacket, pants, and so on.
Another example is types of fingers. This set includes index, middle, ring,
thumb and pinky. This is known as a set.
• Sets are represented as a collection of well-defined objects or elements and
it does not change from person to person. It is just things grouped together
with a certain property in common.
10 Examples of Set: 10 Examples of not a set:
• The collection of first five natural • The collection of the most talented
numbers. boys in your school.
• The collection of vowels of the English • The collection of the most dangerous
Alphabet. animals which are found in the forest.
• The collection of whole numbers • The collection of the best football
between 20 and 25. players in the world.
• The collection of natural numbers • Collection of the best musicians in the
between 30 and 35. world.
• The collection of letters that are there in • Collection of the best cricket players in
the word "MANGO". the world.
• The collection of letters that are there in • The collection of the most talented
the word "MOTION". artists in the world.
• The collection of planets which are there • The collection of time is not a set.
in our solar system.
• The collection of temperature.
• The collection of shops which are there in
Dehradun. • The collection of best restaurants near
your house.
• The collection of letter in the word
"DICTIONARY". • The collection of the most talented
Journalists in the world.
• The collection of all the students in your
school.
• The collection of all the students who
took the science stream in your school.
• Let us take an example:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
• Since a set is usually represented by the capital letter. Thus, A
is the set and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are the elements of the set or
members of the set. The elements that are written in the set
What are the can be in any order but cannot be repeated. All the set
elements are represented in small letter in case of alphabets.
Also, we can write it as 1 ∈ A, 2 ∈ A etc. Some commonly used
Elements of a sets are as follows:
• N: Set of all natural numbers
Set? • Z: Set of all integers
• Q: Set of all rational numbers
• R: Set of all real numbers
• Z+: Set of all positive integers
• ∈ denotes “is an element of’ or “is a member of” or “belongs
to”, ∉ denotes “is not an element of” or “is not a member of”
or “does not belong to”
Listing The Elements (Roster Method)
• The set can be defined by listing all its elements, separated by commas
and enclosed within curly brackets. This is called the roster method.
• Examples:
V = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
X = {a, b, c, d, e}
Representation • However, in some instances, it may not be possible to list all the
elements of a set. In such cases, we could define the set by methods 2
of Sets or 3.
Describing The Elements (Statement Method)

• The set can be defined, where possible, by describing the elements
clearly in words.
• Examples:
R is the set of multiples of 5.
V is the set of vowels in the English alphabet.
M is the set of months of a year.
• The order of a set defines the number of elements a
set is having. It describes the size of a set. The order
of set is also known as the cardinality.
• The size of set whether it is is a finite set or an infinite
set, said to be set of finite order or infinite order,
respectively.
Order of Sets
• Finite sets are the sets having a finite/countable
number of members. Finite sets are also known
as countable sets as they can be counted. The process
will run out of elements to list if the elements of this
set have a finite number of members.
• A set of months in a year.
M = {January, February, March, April, May, June, July,
August, September, October, November, December}
n (M) = 12
• If a set is not finite, it is called an infinite set because the number of elements in
that set is not countable and also we cannot represent it in Roster form. Thus,
infinite sets are also known as uncountable sets.
Examples of Infinite Sets

• A set of all whole numbers, W= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…}
• A set of all points on a line
• The set of all integers
Empty Set
• The set is empty! This means that there are no elements in the set. This set is
represented by ϕ or {}. An empty set is hence defined as:
• Definition: If a set doesn’t have any elements, it is known as an empty set or null
set or void set.
Eg. P = {x : x is a leap year between 1904 and 1908}
• Between 1904 and 1908, there is no leap year. So, P = ϕ.
Universal Set
• This is the set which is the base for every
other set formed. Depending upon the
context, the universal set is decided. It may
be a finite or infinite set. All the other sets
are the subsets of the Universal set. It is
represented by U.
• For e.g. The set of real numbers is a universal
set of integers, rational numbers, irrational
numbers.
Sub Set
• Definition:
• set A is a subset of a set B if all elements of A
are also elements of B
• Given A = {1, 2, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
What is the relationship between these sets?

• We say that A is a subset of B, since every
element of A is also in B.
Complement of a Set
• We can illustrate this definition using a new
example. If our universal set is the states of
the United States, then a possible subset is
the set of the New England states, which are
shown here in red: A = {Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode
Island, Vermont}.
• The complement of A would then be the set
containing all of the other states that are not
part of New England. This set would contain
all of the states shown in white in the
accompanying map of the United States.
Venn Diagram
We also represent sets using Venn diagrams
This is a Venn diagram.
The elements of the set are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Whole numbers from 1 to 6
Even numbers
A subset
The Universal set
Venn Diagrams
The intersection of 2 sets consists of elements common to both
sets.
The intersection
Symbols and Venn diagrams

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Introduction To Sets Form 2

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Introduction to Sets

• What is a set? Well, simply put, it's a collection.

Describing The Elements (Statement Method)

Examples of Infinite Sets

What is the relationship between these sets?

The elements of the set are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Whole numbers from 1 to 6

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