Lecture 1 & 2

Engineering Graphics
Prince Patel
SMEC, VIT Bhopal University
Outline
• Introduction to Engineering graphics
• Introduction
• Importance of graphics in engineering
applications
• BIS conventions and specifications
Introduction to Engineering graphics
• Drawing:
• The way of conveying the ideas through the
systematic lines on the paper.
• The art of representation of an object by
systematic lines on a paper.
Classification:
• 1. Artistic Drawing (Free-hand or Model

Drawing):
• The art of representation of an object by the artist by his imagination or by keeping the object before
him.
• e.g. paintings, cinema posters, advertisement boards, etc.
What is “Engineering Drawing/Design” ?
Bertoline et al.
“Drawing is the process of conceiving or inventing ideas and
communicating those ideas to others in a form that is
understood easily.”
Eide
“Engineering design is a systematic process by which solutions
to the needs of humankind are obtained.
Lockhart et al.
“Design is the act of creating the specifications for a product or
process that best satisfies the design criteria.
Engineering Drawing (Instrument Drawing)
• The art of representation of engineering objects.
• e.g. buildings, roads, machines, etc.
Engineering Drawing
Graphical communication
• Communication of ideas through sketches is probably the
oldest form of communication among human.
Eg- pre-historic man used a stick as equipment to scratch out a
message in the sand.
Language of Engineers:-
• Engineering drawing is the drawing of an object containing
all necessary information like actual shape, size etc, required
for the manufacturing of an engineering component.
• It is drawn well before it is manufactured.
Types of Engineering Drawing:
i. Geometrical Drawing:
e.g. geometrical objects - rectangle, square, cube, cone, cylinder, etc.
a. Plain Geometrical Drawing:
Two dimensional drawing having only length and breadth.
e.g. square, triangle, etc.
b. Solid Geometrical Drawing:
Three dimensional drawing having length, breadth and thickness.
e.g. cube, prism, etc.
ii. Mechanical Engineering or Machine Drawing:
e.g. mechanical engineering objects – machines, machine parts, etc.
iii. Civil Engineering Drawing:
e.g. civil engineering objects – roads, buildings, bridges, dams, etc.
iv. Electrical & Electronics Engineering Drawing:
e.g. electrical and electronics objects – transformers, wiring diagrams.
Applications
1. Machine components, Transmission systems, CNC machine tools,
Mechanics of solids, Robotics, etc., in mechanical and production
engineering.
2. Structures, plan of buildings, multi-storied complex, bridges, stadium,
etc., town planning, mapping, contour plotting in civil and architectural
engineering.
3. Circuit layouts, electrical-wiring diagrams, panel design, control
schematics etc., in electrical engineering.
4. I.C.Engines, hydraulic circuits, etc., in automobile engineering.
5. Spacecraft, jet propulsion, flight simulator etc., in Aeronautical
engineering.
6. Metallurgical engineering, mining engineering, marine engineering, etc.
Drawing Instruments and Other Drawing Materials:
1. Drawing Board 12. Sketch Book (Medium size)

2. Drawing Sheets 13. Roller Scale
3. Mini drafter 14. Sheet Folder
4. Instrument box
5. Set-squares (45,30 and 60 degree)
6. Drawing pencils (HB, H and 2H)
7. Protector
8. Sand Paper
9. Eraser (Rubber)
10.Drawing Pins and Clips
11.Cello Tape
Drawing board
 Drawing board is generally made of soft wood and it is in rectangular shape.
 It is used to support drawing sheet, so, the size of board is made according the
size of the drawing sheet.
 The wood portions are joined by tongue and grove type joint to prevent cracks.
Drawing Sheet
• Drawing sheet is a white paper on which an object is drawn which is available in
various sizes.
• The sheet used for engineering should be of good quality.
• Sizes of Drawing Sheets recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S) is
given below
Sheet layout
Sheet sizes: - the preferred sizes of the
drawing sheets recommended by the bureau
of Indian standards (B.I.S) are given below as
per SP:46 (2003).
Sheet layout
• Fig shows the layout of A2 size drawing sheet (420mm*594mm) for the
class work.
• Borders
 Border is the drawing space left and
in between the trimmed edges of
the drawing sheet and the frame.
 B.I.S (SP:46 2003) recommends the
borders of 20mm width for the
sheet A0 and A1, and 10mm for A2,
A3, and A4 drawing sheets.
Title block
Drafting machine (or Drafter
• In a Drafting machine, the uses and advantages of T-square, set square,
scales, protractors are combined. One end of the Drafter is clamped at the
left top end of the Drawing board by a screw provided in the drafter.
• An adjustable head with a Protractor is fitted at the other end of the
Drafter. Two blades made of transparent celluloid material are fitted to the
adjustable head and are perfectly perpendicular to each other. These
blades are used to draw parallel, horizontal, vertical and inclined lines. The
blades always move parallel to the edges of the board
Set Squares
• Set squares are generally made from Plastic material. They are triangular in shape
with one corner, a right angle triangle.
• A pair of set squares (30-60 degree) and 45 .
• They are used to draw lines at 30, 60 and 45 to the vertical and horizontal.
Protractor
• Protractors are used to mark or measure angles between 0 and 180 They are
semicircular in shape (of diameter 100mm) and are made of Plastic or celluloid
which has more life. Protractors with circular shape capable of marking and
measuring 0 to 360 are also available in the market
LINES
Line Thickness:
Thickness varied according to the use of pen or pencil and the size & type of the
drawing.
For pencil, the lines can be divided into two line-groups:
Line-group Thicknes
Lines
(mm) s
0.2 Medium Out lines, dotted lines, cutting plane lines
0.1 Thin Centre lines, section lines, dimension lines,

extension lines, construction lines, leader lines,
short-break lines and long-break lines.
Important Notes:
In the finished drawing, all lines except construction lines should be dense, clean
and uniform. Construction lines should be drawn very thin and should be hardly
visible.
Types of Lines
Lines Description General Applications
A Continuous thick A1 Visible outlines

A2 Visible edges
B Continuous thin B1 Imaginary lines of intersection
(straight / curve) B2 Dimension lines
B3 Projection lines
B4 Leader lines
B5 Hatching or section lines
B6 Outlines of revolved sections in
plane
B7 Short centre lines
C Continuous thin C1 Limits of partial or interrupted

(free-hand) views and sections
C2 Short-break lines
D Continuous thin D1 Long-break lines

(straight with
zigzags)
Lines Description General Applications
E Dashed thick E1 Hidden outlines
E2 Hidden edges
F Dashed thin F1 Hidden outlines
F2 Hidden edges
G Chain thin G1 Centre lines
G2 Lines of symmetry
G3 Trajectories
H Chain thin, thick at H1 Cutting planes
ends and changes
of direction
J Chain thick J1 Indication of lines or surfaces to
which a special treatment applies
K Chain thin double- K1 Outlines of adjacent parts

dashed K2 Alternative and extreme positions
of movable parts
K3 Centroidal lines
K4 Parts situated in front of the
cutting plane
Lines pencil
Initial work and construction lines H
Outlines, dotted lines, section-plane lines, dimension 2H
lines, arrowheads
Centre lines, section lines 3H or 4H
G1
G3
H1
P P
E1
80o
K2
A1 90
J1
B2 B4
B5
Ø10
C1
D1
Application of various types of lines according to B.I.S.

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Engineering Graphics

• 1. Artistic Drawing (Free-hand or Model

1. Drawing Board 12. Sketch Book (Medium size)

0.1 Thin Centre lines, section lines, dimension lines,

Lines Description General Applications

A Continuous thick A1 Visible outlines

C Continuous thin C1 Limits of partial or interrupted

D Continuous thin D1 Long-break lines

K Chain thin double- K1 Outlines of adjacent parts

Application of various types of lines according to B.I.S.

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