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    Introduction To Math Logic

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    Ananya Banerjee
    The document introduces the concepts of logic and mathematical reasoning. It discusses statements, propositions, truth values, and various logical operators such as negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication, and biconditional. It provides examples of combining propositions using logical operators and truth tables to evaluate compound propositions. Finally, it discusses the equivalence of statements and inferences that can be drawn using logical operators.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Introduction To Math Logic

    Uploaded by

    Ananya Banerjee
    44 views23 pages
    The document introduces the concepts of logic and mathematical reasoning. It discusses statements, propositions, truth values, and various logical operators such as negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication, and biconditional. It provides examples of combining propositions using logical operators and truth tables to evaluate compound propositions. Finally, it discusses the equivalence of statements and inferences that can be drawn using logical operators.

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    1. Introduction to Math Logic

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    The document introduces the concepts of logic and mathematical reasoning. It discusses statements, propositions, truth values, and various logical operators such as negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication, and biconditional. It provides examples of combining propositions using logical operators and truth tables to evaluate compound propositions. Finally, it discusses the equivalence of statements and inferences that can be drawn using logical operators.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    44 views23 pages

    Introduction To Math Logic

    Uploaded by

    Ananya Banerjee
    The document introduces the concepts of logic and mathematical reasoning. It discusses statements, propositions, truth values, and various logical operators such as negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication, and biconditional. It provides examples of combining propositions using logical operators and truth tables to evaluate compound propositions. Finally, it discusses the equivalence of statements and inferences that can be drawn using logical operators.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 23

    Module 1: Mathematical Logic

    and Statement Calculus

     Introduction-Statements and Notation


     Connectives
     Tautologies
     Two State Devices and Statement logic
     Equivalence - Implications–Normal forms
     The Theory of Inference for the Statement Calculus
    Let’s get started with...

    Logic!
    What is it???
    Logic
    • Crucial for mathematical reasoning
    • Logic is a system based on propositions.
    • A proposition is a statement that is either true or
    false (not both).
    • We say that the truth value of a proposition is either
    true (T) or false (F).

    • Corresponds to 1 and 0 in digital circuits


    The
    Statement/Propositio
    n Game…
    The Statement/Proposition Game

    • “Elephants are bigger than mice.”

    Is this a statement? yes

    Is this a proposition? yes

    What is the truth value


    of the proposition? true
    The Statement/Proposition Game

    • “520 < 111”

    Is this a statement? yes

    Is this a proposition? yes

    What is the truth value


    of the proposition? false
    The Statement/Proposition Game

    • “y > 5”

    Is this a statement? yes


    Is this a proposition? no

    Its truth value depends on the value of y,


    but this value is not specified.
    We call this type of statement a
    propositional function or open sentence.
    The Statement/Proposition Game

    • “Today is July 22 and 99 < 5.”

    Is this a statement? yes

    Is this a proposition? yes

    What is the truth value


    of the proposition? false
    The Statement/Proposition Game

    • “Please do not fall asleep.”

    Is this a statement? no
    It’s a request.

    Is this a proposition? no

    Only statements can be propositions.


    The Statement/Proposition Game
    • “If elephants were red,
    • they could hide in cherry trees.”

    Is this a statement? yes

    Is this a proposition? yes

    What is the truth value


    of the proposition? probably false
    The Statement/Proposition Game
    • “x < y if and only if y > x.”

    Is this a statement? yes


    Is this a proposition? yes
    … because its truth value
    does not depend on
    specific values of x and y.
    What is the truth value
    of the proposition? true
    Combining Propositions

    •As we have seen in the previous examples, one


    or more propositions can be combined to form a
    single compound proposition.

    •We formalize this by denoting propositions with


    letters such as p, q, r, s, and introducing several
    logical operators.
    Logical Operators (Connectives)
    •We will examine the following logical operators:
    • Negation (NOT)
    • Conjunction (AND)
    • Disjunction (OR)
    • Exclusive or (XOR)
    • Implication (if – then)
    • Biconditional (if and only if)
    •Truth tables can be used to show how these operators
    can combine propositions to compound propositions.
    Negation (NOT)
    • Unary Operator, Symbol: 

    P P
    true (T) false (F)
    false (F) true (T)
    Conjunction (AND)
    • Binary Operator, Symbol: 

    P Q PQ
    T T T
    T F F
    F T F
    F F F
    Disjunction (OR)
    • Binary Operator, Symbol: 

    P Q PQ
    T T T
    T F T
    F T T
    F F F
    Exclusive Or (XOR)
    • Binary Operator, Symbol: 

    P Q PQ
    T T F
    T F T
    F T T
    F F F
    Implication (if - then)
    • Binary Operator, Symbol: 

    P Q PQ
    T T T
    T F F
    F T T
    F F T
    Biconditional (if and only if)
    • Binary Operator, Symbol: 

    P Q PQ
    T T T
    T F F
    F T F
    F F T
    Statements and Operators
    • Statements and operators can be combined in any way
    to form new statements.

    P Q P Q (P)(Q)
    T T F F F
    T F F T T
    F T T F T
    F F T T T
    Statements and Operations
    • Statements and operators can be combined in any way to
    form new statements.


    P Q PQ (P)(Q)
    (PQ)
    T T T F F
    T F F T T
    F T F T T
    F F F T T
    Equivalent Statements
    P Q (PQ) (P)(Q) (PQ)(P)(Q)

    T T F F T
    T F T T T
    F T T T T
    F F T T T
    • The statements (PQ) and (P)  (Q) are logically equivalent,
    since (PQ)  (P)  (Q) is always true.
    If the seed catalog is correct then if seeds are
    planted in April then the
    flowers bloom in July. The flowers do not
    bloom in July. Therefore, if seeds
    are planted in April then the seed catalog is
    not correct.

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