NWL & Arp

The Network Layer
1
Network Layer Design Issues
• Store-and-Forward Packet Switching
• Services Provided to the Transport Layer
• Implementation of Connectionless Service
• Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
• Comparison of Virtual-Circuit and Datagram
Subnets
2
Network Layer Design Issues
• Network layer provides point-to-point connectivity
between any two hosts.
• The network layer services have the following goals:
– The services should be independent of the router technology.
– The transport layer should be shielded from the number,
type, and topology of the routers present.
– The network addresses made available to the transport layer
should use a uniform numbering plan, even across LANS
and WANS.
• The network layer defines the service provided by the
subnet. A subnet (short for "subnetwork") is an
identifiably separate part of an organization's network.
3
Store-and-Forward Packet Switching
fig 5-1
The environment of the network layer protocols.

4
Functions of Network Layer
• Routing – find a path from one host to another host.
• Congestion control – mechanisms to prevent hosts
from flooding the network.
• Quality of Service (QoS) - transmission rates, error
rates, and other characteristics can be measured,
improved, and, to some extent, guaranteed in advance.
• Internetworking provides translation between subnet
using different protocols.
5
Services Provided to Transport Layer
• The freedom in writing detailed specifications of the
services to be offered to the transport layer cause
battles between connection-oriented and
connectionless services.
• Internet community - connectionless
– With 30 year experience with the Internet, the subnet is
inherently unreliable.
– The host should accept this fact and do error control and
flow control themselves.
• Telephone companies – connection-oriented
– With more than 100 years’ experience, QoS is important.
• QoS is important and the Internet is starting to
associate with connection-oriented service.
6
Implementation of Services
• Connectionless service
– No advance setup is needed.
– The packets are frequently called datagrams.
– The subnet is called a datagram subnet.
– The routing algorithm is the algorithm that manages the
tables and makes the routing decision.
• Connection-oriented service
– A path from the source router to the destination router must
be established before any data packets can be sent.
– The connection is called a VC (virtual circuit).
– The subnet is called a virtual-circuit subnet.
– To distinguish packets from different hosts, replacing
connection identifiers in outgoing packets is called label
switching.
7
Comparison of Virtual-Circuit and
Datagram Subnets
5-4
8
Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP)
Internet and Data Link Layer Addresses
• Each host and router on a subnet needs a
data link layer address to specify its address
on the subnet
– This address appears in the data link layer
frame sent on a subnet
– For instance, 48-bit 802.3 MAC layer frame
addresses for LANs
Subnet DA
DL Frame for Subnet
Addresses
• Each host and router also needs an IP
address at the internet layer to designate its
position in the overall Internet
128.171.17.13
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet
Internet and Data Link Addresses
Serve Different Purposes
• IP address
– To guide delivery to destination host across the
Internet (across multiple networks)
• Subnet Address
– To guide delivery between two hosts, two
routers, and a host and router within a single
subnet
– Same LAN, Frame Relay network, etc.
Analogy
• In company, each person has a company-
wide ID number (like IP address)
• In company, person also has a local office
number in a building
• Paychecks are made out to ID numbers
• For delivery, also need to know office
number
Address Resolution
• Problem
– Router knows that destination host is on its
subnet based on the IP address of an
arriving packet
– Does not know the destination host’s subnet
address, so cannot deliver the packet across
the subnet
Destination Host
128.171.17.13
Subnet
subnet address?
(ARP)
• Router creates an ARP Request message
to be sent to all hosts on the subnet.
– Address resolution protocol message asks
“Who has IP address 128.171.17.13?”
– Passes ARP request to data link layer process
for delivery
Subnet
ARP Request
(ARP)
• Data link process of router broadcasts the
ARP Request message to all hosts on the
subnet.
– On a LAN, MAC address of 48 ones tells all
stations to pay attention to the frame
Subnet
ARP Request
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• Host with IP address 128.171.17.13
responds
– Internet process creates an ARP response
message
– Contains the destination host’s subnet
address (48-bit MAC address on a LAN)
ARP Response
Subnet
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• Router delivers the IP packet to the
destination host
– Places the IP packet in the subnet frame
– Puts the destination host’s subnet address in
the destination address field of the frame
Deliver IP Packet
within a subnet frame
Subnet
• ARP Requests and Responses are sent
between the internet layer processes on the
router and the destination host
ARP
Router Destination Host
Request
Internet Internet
Process Process
ARP
Response
• However, the data link processes deliver
these ARP packets
– Router broadcasts the ARP Request
– Destination host sends ARP response to the
subnet source address found in the
broadcast frame
Router Destination Host
Internet Internet
Process Broadcast ARP Request Process
Data Link Data Link
Process Process
Direct ARP Response

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The Network Layer

The environment of the network layer protocols.

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