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    LOGICAL

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    Niñarita Fe Buot
    Logical reasoning uses rational steps and mathematical procedures to arrive at conclusions based on given statements. A statement is a sentence that is either true or false. Simple statements convey one idea, while compound statements convey two or more ideas through connectors like "and" or "or".

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    LOGICAL

    Uploaded by

    Niñarita Fe Buot
    24 views15 pages
    Logical reasoning uses rational steps and mathematical procedures to arrive at conclusions based on given statements. A statement is a sentence that is either true or false. Simple statements convey one idea, while compound statements convey two or more ideas through connectors like "and" or "or".

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    Logical reasoning uses rational steps and mathematical procedures to arrive at conclusions based on given statements. A statement is a sentence that is either true or false. Simple statements convey one idea, while compound statements convey two or more ideas through connectors like "and" or "or".

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    24 views15 pages

    LOGICAL

    Uploaded by

    Niñarita Fe Buot
    Logical reasoning uses rational steps and mathematical procedures to arrive at conclusions based on given statements. A statement is a sentence that is either true or false. Simple statements convey one idea, while compound statements convey two or more ideas through connectors like "and" or "or".

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    LOGICAL

    STATEMENTS
    Logical Reasoning
    is the process of using a rational, systematic
    series of steps based on sound mathematical
    procedures and given statements to arrive at a
    conclusion.
    STATEMENT
    Statement
     

    A statement or a proposition is a declarative


    sentence that is either true or false, but not
    both.
    Example:
    1. x + 3 = 7 is a statement.
    It is true for x = 4 and false for any other values of x.
    Hence, for any value of x, the statement is either true or false,
    but not both.
     

    2. Manila is the capital city of the Philippines.


    This sentence is true, thus, it is a statement.
     
    3. Malou is beautiful.
    This sentence is neither true nor false, therefore, it is not a
    statement.
     
    4. Sit down.
    This sentence expresses a command, hence, it is not a
    statement.
     
    5. x2 + 3 is an integer is a statement.
    For any value of x, the statement is either true or false.
    Simple Statements and Compound Statements

    A simple statement is a statement that conveys a


    single idea. A compound statement is a statement
    that conveys two or more ideas.
    Simple Statements Compound Statements
    a. I will go to school. a. I will go to school or I will attend a
    meeting.
    b. All birds have feathers. b. All birds have feathers and can fly.

    c. Matter is anything that occupies c. Matter is anything that occupies


    space. space and has mass.
    Simple statements connected with words and
    phrases such as and, or, if ... then, and if and only
    if forms a compound statements.

    For instance, “I will go to school or I will attend


    a meeting” is a compound statement.
    It consists of two simple statements, “I will go
    to school” and “I will attend a meeting.” The
    connective used is or.
    Logic Connective and Symbols
    Statement Connective Symbolic form Type of
    statement
    not p not negation
    p and q and p ꓥ q conjunction
    p or q or p ꓦ q disjunction
    If p, then q If … then p → q conditional
    p if and only if If and only if p ↔ q biconditional
    q
    Writing Compound Statements in Symbolic Form

    From simple statement to compound statement


    Consider the following simple a. Today is Friday and I do my homework.
    statements. b. I do my homework or I am going to a
    p: I do my homework. movie.
    q: Today is Friday. c. If I do my homework, then I get my
    r: I get my allowance. allowance.
    s: I am going to a movie. d. I am going to a movie if and only if I do my
    homework.
    e. If I will not do my homework, then I will not
    get my allowance.
    From compound statement to symbolic from

    a. Today is Friday and I do my homework.


    b. I do my homework or I am going to a movie.
    c. If I do my homework, then I get my allowance.
    d. I am going to a movie if and only if I do my homework.
    e. If I will not do my homework, then I will not get my allowance.

    Solution:
    a. q ꓥ p b. p ꓦ s c. p → r d. s ↔ p e. p → r
    Translating Symbolic Statements

    Let p: I will pass the exam. Write the following symbolic statements
    q: I will study hard. as compound statements.
    r: I will sleep.
    s: I will graduate. a. p ꓥ q b. q ꓦ r c. q → p

    Solution:
    a. I will pass the exam and I will study hard.
    b. I will study hard or I will sleep.
    c. If I will study hard, then I will pass the exam.
    1 whole, 5-7 sentences
    1. What will happen if biodiversity is not preserved? Mention at least 3
    effects.

    2. What factors affect an area’s biodiversity? Explain how these factors


    affect biodiversity.

    3. Among the human activities affecting the biodiversity and


    ecosystem, why we are still doing the various human activities that is
    harmful to our environment?

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