y Concrete is relatively brittle, and its tensile strength is

typically only about one tenths of its compressive strength. y Regular concrete is therefore normally reinforced with steel reinforcing bars. y For many applications, it is becoming increasingly popular to reinforce the concrete with small, randomly distributed fibers. y Their main purpose is to increase the energy absorption capacity and toughness of the material, but also increase tensile and flexural strength of concrete.

y Concrete containing a hydraulic cement, water,

fine or fine and coarse aggregate, and discontinuous discrete fibers is called fiberreinforced concrete (FRC). y It may also contain pozzolans and other admixtures commonly used in conventional concrete. y Fibers of various shapes and sizes produced from steel, plastic, glass, and natural materials are being used; however, for most structural and nonstructural purposes, steel fiber is the most commonly used of all the fibers.

y BC horse Hair y 1900 asbestos fibers, Hatscheck process y 1920 Griffith, theoretical vs. apparent strength y 1950 Composite materials y 1960 FRC y 1970 New initiative for asbestos cement replacement y 1970 SFRC, GFRC, PPFRC, Shotcrete y 1990 micromechanics hybrid systems wood y micromechanics, systems, based fiber systems manufacturing y techniques, secondary reinforcement, HSC y ductility issues, shrinkage crack control. y 2000+ Structural applications, Code integration, y New products

y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Thin sheets shingles roof tiles pipes prefabricated shapes panels shotcrete curtain walls Slabs on grade precast elements Composite decks Vaults, safes. Impact resisting structures

y The most important contribution of fiber

reinforcement in concrete is not to strength but to the flexural toughness of the material. y When flexural strength is the main consideration, fiber reinforcement of concrete is not a substitute for conventional reinforcement. y The greatest advantage of fiber reinforcement of concrete is the improvement in flexural toughness (total energy absorbed in breaking a specimen in flexure).

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is a composite material made by combining two or more materials to give a new combination of properties .FRP is different from other composites in that its constituent materials are different at the molecular level and are mechanically separable .The mechanical and physical properties of FRP are controlled by its constituent properties and by structural configurations at micro level. Therefore, the design and analysis of any FRP structural member requires a good knowledge of the material properties, which are dependent on the manufacturing process and the properties of constituent materials. FRP composite is a two phased material, hence its anisotropic properties. It is composed of fiber and matrix, which are bonded at interface .Each of these different phases has to perform its required function based on mechanical properties, so that the composite system performs satisfactorily as a whole. In this case, the reinforcing fiber provides FRP composite with strength and stiffness, while the matrix gives rigidity and environmental protection.

Fiber is a material made into a long filament with a diameter generally in the order of 10m.the ascept ratio of length and diameter can be ranging from 1000- in continuous fibers. The main function of the fiber is to carry the load provide stiffness, strength, thermal stability. and other

structural properties in the FRP. To perform these desirable functions. the fibers in FRP composite must have: i) high modulus of elasticity for use as reinforcement: ii) high ultimate strength; iii) low variation of strength among fibers; iv) high suitability of their strength during handling; and v) high uniformity of diameter and surface dimension among fibers. Glass fibers are processed form of glass. which is composed of a number of oxides. such as silica oxide from silica sand, together with other raw materials, such as limestone. fluorspar, boric acid, and clay. They are manufactured by drawing those melt oxides into very fine filaments. ranging from 3 to 24 m . Five forms of glass fiber strands, used in reinforcing the matrix material, are chopped fibers. chopped strands. chopped strand mats, woven fabrics, and surface tissue. The glass fiber strands and woven fabrics are the forms most commonly used in civil engineering application. Glass fibers have high strength. considering theirs relatively low cost. E-glass is the most commonly used glass fibers available in the construction industry.

Matrix material is a polymer composed of molecules made from many simpler ands maller units called monomer. Without the presence of matrix material, fibers in and of themselves are of little use. The matrix must have a lower modulus and greater elongation than those of fibers, so that fibers can carry maximum load. The important functions of matrix material in FRP composite include: i) hind the fibers together and transferring the load to the fibers by adhesion and/or friction; ii) provide rigidity and shape to the structural member; iii) isolate the fibers so that they can act separately, resulting in slow or no crackpropagation;iv) provide protection to the fibers against chemical and mechanical damages ;v) influence perfonnance characteristics such as ductility, impact strength; andvi) provide Gnish color and surface finish for connections Type of matrix material and its compatibility with the fibers also signihcantly affect thefailure mode of the structure. There are various types of matrix materials, which can beused in civil engineering construction. Categorized by manufacturing method and properties, two major types of polymers are thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers.

Interface Interface is where the fibers and matrix material are chemically and physically bonded together. Material anisotropic properties gradation is exhibited in this region. To ensure that FRP composite performs satisfactorily, this region has to provide adequate bonding stability. In analysis of composite materials, it is generally assumed that the bond between the fibers and matrix material is perfect and therefore no strain discontinuity occurs across the interface. Mechanical properties of FRP composite are dependent upon the ratio of fiber and matrix material, the method of manufacture, the mechanical properties of the constituent materials, and the fiber orientation in the matrix. Mechanical properties of composites made from combination of various reinforcements and epoxy rasin are shown in table below.

Repair and Retrofitting of Existing Bridge Structures Strengthening and retrofitting of existing structures using externally bonded FRP composites are one of the first applications of FRP introduced in civil engineering. The technique is simple, rapid, and effective. For example, FRP can be used, instead of conventional steel plate, to strengthen approximately 5% of deteriorated bridges in EuropeAnother example is the Kattenbusch Bridge in Germany, in which one construction joint was strengthened by 20 glass fiber reinforced laminates. A series of loading tests showed that crack width was reduced by 50%, while stress due to fatigue was reduced by 36% . FRP used for strengthening and retrofitting can be in the forms of FRP sheet or strip, depending on their application. Externally bonded FRP composites have been used for increasing both flexural and shear capacity of concrete elements, including girders, beams, and slabs. Three methods are used for application of external FRP reinforcement-adhesive bonding, hand lay-up or wet lay-up, and resin infusion. research have been conducted on bond performance, creep effects, ductility, fatigue performance, force transfer, peel stresses, fire resistance, and ultimate strength of FRP strengthening.

Although the steel reinforcements in concrete structure are physically protected by concrete, aggressive environmental condition can stimulate the carbonation of concrete and the formation of hydrated ferrous oxide in steel, resulting in spalling of concrete cover. The primary cause of deterioration of concrete bridge is the corrosion of steel reinforcement. Since FRP composite is corrosion resistance, it can be used to replace steel reinforcement in the forms of rebar for flexural and shear reinforcements, and tendon for prestressing or post-tensioning. FRP rebar and tendon can take the form of one dimensional or multidimensional shape, depending on type of application. There have even been some attempts to incorporate wireless sensing into infrastructure using FRP reinforcement. However, there are several challenges in using FRP rebar and tendon. One issue is the linear elastic behavior of FRP rebar when loaded to failure. This means that concrete element reinforced using FRP rebar may not have the same ductile failure of steel-reinforced element. Its lower modulus of elasticity FRP composites can be used in seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete bridges in the form of wrapped column. Conventional methods used for seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete columns include the use of steel shells or casings, the use of steel cables wound helically around the column, and the use of external reinforced concrete section. However, these methods introduce additional stiffness, due to the isotropic nature of the retrofitting material, to the structural system and, therefore, higher seismic force can be transferred to adjacent elements. In addition to this, traffic disruption is a major problem during retrofitting operation. With the use of FRP composite, on the other hand, the FRP confinement provides only hoop stress, hence no additional stiffness

In reinforced concrete beam, the function of concrete below neutral axis is mainly to position reinforcing steels and to protect them from corrosion. However, concrete has little tensile strength compared to steel. So concrete hairline cracking is common in reinforced members, resulting in environmental attack of the reinforcing steels. So there have been studies on a composite system that has concrete in the compressive portion of beam and FRP sheet below the neutral axis. A project has been conducted on the use of duplex long-span beam. In this context, the term "duplex" means the combination of concrete and FRP that forms structural elements, which provide optimum properties derived from the individual characteristic of each material. The purpose of this project was to overcome economic issue, which is one of the major barriers of the use of FRP in civil engineering. Several possible advantages of duplex system are identified as: i) Potential reduction of transport costs for finished members, and the flexibility to install the element in remote area. ii) Cost of manufacture can be comparable to conventional material for a large number of elements. iii) Lightweight and high strength. iv) Cost can be paid off after several years in service.

In reinforced concrete beam, the function of concrete below neutral axis is mainly to position reinforcing steels and to protect them from corrosion. However, concrete has little tensile strength compared to steel. So concrete hairline cracking is common in reinforced members, resulting in environmental attack of the reinforcing steels. So there have been studies on a composite system that has concrete in the compressive portion of beam and FRP sheet below the neutral axis. A project has been conducted on the use of duplex long-span beam. In this context, the term "duplex" means the combination of concrete and FRP that forms structural elements, which provide optimum properties derived from the individual characteristic of each material. The purpose of this project was to overcome economic issue, which is one of the major barriers of the use of FRP in civil engineering. Several possible advantages of duplex system are identified as: i) Potential reduction of transport costs for finished members, and the flexibility to install the element in remote area. ii) Cost of manufacture can be comparable to conventional material for a large number of elements. iii) Lightweight and high strength. iv) Cost can be paid off after several years in service.

FRP systems can be used to rehabilitate or restore the strength of a deteriorated structural member, or retrofit or strengthen a sound structural member to resist increased loads due to changes in use of the structure, or address design or construction errors. Due to the characteristics of FRP materials, behavior of FRP strengthened members, and various issues regarding the use of externally bonded reinforcement, specific guidance on the use of these systems is needed in accordance with the Australian design standards. Although there have been a number of reinforced concrete bridge strengthening projects completed in Australia using FRP materials.a case study of strengthening of the deteriorated Tenthill Creek Bridge headstock in Queensland using FRP composites.

Observed Cracks The bridge has two headstocks supporting the prestressed concrete beams. In the first headstock, only flexural cracking was observed, whereas in the second headstock, both flexural cracking and shear cracking were observed. A maximum flexural crack width of 0.6 mm and a shear crack width of 2.8 mm was reported.A photograph of the damaged headstock and a schematic of thecracked beam FRP Strengthening of the Headstock After the preliminary analysis, it was decided to develop an innovative solution using FRP composites for strengthening. The details of the calculations are given in this paper, identifying the decisions faced by the designer at various stages of the development of the innovative solution. The applicability of FRP composites to concrete structure for rehabilitation or capacity enhancement has been actively studied in numerous research laboratories and professional organizations around the world ACI 2003, International 2002; Bakis et al. 2002; JSCE 1997; Bakht et al. 2000; Pantelaides et al. 2004b. There are also many examples of documented retrofits of older reinforced concrete bridges and other structures with FRP composites Seible et al. 1995; Policelli 1995; Shahrooz and Boy 2004; Pantelides et al. 2004a. FRP reinforcements offer a number of advantages such as corrosion resistance, nonmagnetic properties, high tensile strength, and light weight and ease of handling.

InitialCondition Itwasnotedbybothdesignguidelinesthattheeffectofthe initial loadpriortostrengtheningshouldbeconsideredinthe calculation ofthestressesandstrainsbasedontheoryofelasticityandwith theservicemomentactingonthecriticalbeamsectionduring strengthening.Theinitialstraindistributionofthemember may thenbeevaluatedandconsideredinstrengthening calculations. Astheservicebendingmomentistypicallygreaterthanthe crackingmoment,thecalculationisbasedonacracked section. Theinitialstraindistributionoftheheadstockwascalculated basedonstructuralanalysisfortheserviceloadingcondition, long-termmodulusofelasticity,andthecrackedsection.The sameinitialstraindistributionwasusedforthedesignof strengthening schemeusingbothdesignguidelines.