CARL JUNG

ANALYTICAL
PSYCHOLOGY
LAWRENCE D. BALANA, MSc, RPsy, RPm, LPT.
 BIOGRAPHY
• Born in Kesswil, Switzerland in 1875
• Oldest surviving child of an idealistic Protestant minister
• Mother’s family had a tradition of mysticism.
• He decided to become a physician after dreaming of making scientific discoveries.
• After receiving his medical degree in 1900, he became a psychiatric assistant to
Bleuler.
• He read Freud’s writings and eventually began corresponding with Freud in 1906.
• Freud saw Jung as his successor but became disenchanted with Freud’s theories and broke
with the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1913.
• Began his own approach to theory and therapy called Analytical Psychology.
• It became popular outside of psychology (e.g. religion, anthropology and pop culture)
• He died in Zurich in 1961.
 What is Analytical Psychology?
• This rests on the assumption that occult phenomena
can and do influence the lives of everyone.
• Jung’s theory is a compendium of opposites.
• Self-realization is the most inclusive archetype. It
can only be achieved by attaining a balance between
various opposing forces of personality.
 Levels of the Psyche
CONSCIOUS
- images that are sensed by the ego.
EGO- It is the center of consciousness.
*It is not the whole personality but must be completed by the more
comprehensive self.

SELF- it is the center of personality that is largely unconscious.

- Consciousness plays a relatively minor role in analytical psychology. An
overemphasis on expanding one’s conscious psyche can lead to psychological
imbalance.
- Healthy individuals are in contact with the conscious world, but they also
allow themselves to experience unconscious self in which they will achieve
individuation.
 PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS
• These are repressed, forgotten or subliminally
perceived experiences of one individual.
• It contains repressed infantile memories and
impulses, forgotten events, and experiences
originally perceived below the threshold of our
consciousness.
• Our personal unconscious is formed by our individual
experiences and is therefore unique to each of us.
Some images in the personal unconscious can be
recalled easily, some remembered with difficulty,
and still others are beyond the reach of
consciousness.
• Jung’s concept of the personal unconscious differs a
little from Freud’s view of the unconscious and
preconscious combined
 COMPLEXES
• The contents of the personal unconscious.
• A complex is an emotionally toned conglomeration of associated
ideas.
• Complexes are largely personal, but they may also be partly
derived from humanity’s collective experience.
• E.g., the mother complex comes not only from one’s personal
relationship with mother but also from the entire species’
experiences with mother. In addition, the mother complex is
partly formed by a person’s conscious image of mother.
• Thus, complexes may be partly conscious and may stem from both
the personal and the collective unconscious
 COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
- It has roots in the ancestral past
of the entire species.
- The contents of the collective
unconscious are the same for people
in all cultures.
- It influences a person’s thoughts,
emotions and actions.
- It is responsible for people’s many
myths, legends and religious belief.
 ARCHETYPES
Ancient images that derived from the collective
unconscious.
- They are similar to complexes in that they are
emotionally toned collections of associated
images
- It has a repeated biological basis but
originate through the repeated experiences of
humans’ early ancestors.
- It is the psychic counterpart to an instinct.
*Instinct- an unconscious physical impulse.
 Freud vs. Jung’s concept
- One difference was that Freud looked first to
the personal unconscious and resorted to the
phylogenetic endowment only when individual
explanations failed—as he sometimes did when
explaining the Oedipus complex (Freud,
1933/1964).
- In contrast, Jung placed primary emphasis on the
collective unconscious and used personal
experiences to round out the total personality.
 PERSONA
- The side of personality that people show to the
world.
- Although the persona is a necessary side of our
personality, we should not confuse our public
face with our complete self.
- If we identify too closely with our persona, we
remain unconscious of our individuality and are
blocked from attaining self-realization.
- To become psychologically healthy, a person
should strike a balance between the demands of
the society and what we truly are:
 To be oblivious of one’s persona is to
underestimate the importance of the society.
 To be unaware of one’s individuality is to
become society’s puppet.
 SHADOW
- It is the archetype of darkness and
repression; represents those qualities we
do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to
hide from ourselves and others.
• The shadow consists of morally
objectionable tendencies as well as a
number of constructive and creative
qualities that we, nevertheless, are
reluctant to face (Jung, 1951/1959a).
*** Our FIRST STEP OF COURAGE is to strive
to know our shadow.
 Shadow cont’d.
• It is easier to project the dark side of our personality onto
others, to see in them the ugliness and evil that we refuse to see
in ourselves. – Projection of Freud
• To come to grips with the darkness within ourselves is to achieve
the “realization of the shadow.”
• Unfortunately, most of us never realize our shadow but identify only
with the bright side of our personality.
• People who never realize their shadow may, nevertheless, come under
its power and lead tragic lives, constantly running into “bad luck”
and reaping harvests of defeat and discouragement for themselves
(Jung, 1954/1959a).
 ANIMA
• Like Freud, Jung believed that all humans
are psychologically bisexual and possess
both a masculine and a feminine side.
• The feminine side of men originates in
the collective unconscious as an
archetype and remains extremely resistant
to consciousness.
• Few men become well acquainted with their
anima because this task requires great
courage and is even more difficult than
becoming acquainted with their shadow.
 ANIMA

*** Our SECOND TEST OF COURAGE is the process

of gaining acquaintance with his anima.
• Anima originated from early men’s experience
with women (mothers, sisters and lovers)
that combined to form a generalized picture
of a woman.
• A man is specially inclined to project his
anima onto his wife or lover and to see her
not as she really is but as his personal;
and collective unconscious have determined
her.
• Anima influences the feeling side in man
and is the explanation for certain
irrational moods and feelings.
 ANIMA

• Jung could recognize his anima

only after learning to feel
comfortable with his shadow.
• He first encountered his own
anima during his journey through
his unconscious psyche soon after
his break with Freud.
 ANIMUS
- It is the masculine archetype in
women.
- It is the symbol of thinking and
reasoning.
- It is capable of influencing the
thinking of a woman, yet it does
not actually belong to her. It
belongs to the collective
unconscious and originates from the
encounters of prehistoric women
with men.
 ANIMUS
- In every female-male relationship,
the woman runs a risk of projecting
her distant ancestors’ experiences
with fathers, brothers, lovers and
sons onto the unsuspecting man.
- In addition, her personal experiences
with men, buried in her personal
unconscious, enter her relationships
with men.
- It is responsible for the thinking
and opinion in women.
- It is also the explanation of the
irrational thoughts and illogical
opinions attributed to women.
 GREAT MOTHER
+ This preexisting concept of mother is always
associated with both positive and negative
feelings.
+ Jung (1954/1959c), for example, spoke of the
“loving and terrible mother”
+ The great mother, therefore, represents two
opposing forces—fertility and nourishment on
the one hand and power and destruction on the
other.
+ She is capable of producing and sustaining
life (fertility and nourishment), but she may
also devour or neglect her offspring
(destruction).
+ Recall that Jung saw his own mother as having
two personalities—one loving and nurturing;
the other uncanny, archaic, and ruthless.
 GREAT MOTHER
- It represents two opposing forces:
a.Fertility and nourishment- capable
of producing and sustaining life.
- The fertility and nourishment
dimension of the great mother
archetype is symbolized by a tree,
garden, plowed field, sea, heaven,
home, country, church a hollow
objects such as ovens and cooking
utensils.
 GREAT MOTHER
b. Power and destruction- neglect her
offspring.
- Power and destruction in symbolized
as a god-mother, the Mother of God,
Mother Nature, Mother Earth, a
stepmother or a witch.
- Cinderella’s fairy godmother is an
example of two opposing force of
fertility and destruction.
- Fertility + Power= REBIRTH
* Rebirth is represented by such
processes as reincarnation, baptism,
resurrection and individuation or
self-realization.
 WISE OLD MAN
- It is the archetype of wisdom
and meaning, symbolizes
humans’ pre-existing
knowledge of the mysteries of
life.
- A man or woman dominated by
the wise old man archetype
gather a large following of
disciples by using verbiage
that sounds profound but that
really make little sense
because the collective
unconscious cannot directly
impart its wisdom to an
individual.
 WISE OLD MAN
- It is personified in dreams as
the father, grandfather,
teacher, philosopher, guru,
doctor or priest.
- He appears in fairy tales as the
king, the sage or the magician
who come to the aid of the
troubled protagonist and through
superior wisdom, he helps the
protagonist escape from myriad
adventures.
- The wise old man is also
symbolized by life itself.
 HERO
- The image of the HERO touches an
archetype within us, as
demonstrated by our fascination
with the heroes of the movie,
novels, plays and television
programs.
- In conquering the villain, the
hero is symbolically overcoming
the darkness of prehuman
unconsciousness.
- The achievement of the
consciousness was one of our
ancestors’ greatest
accomplishments.
- The image of the archetypal
conquering hero is the victory
over the forces of darkness.
 SELF
- It is the archetype of
archetypes because it pulls
together the other archetypes
and unites them in the process
of self-realization.
- The self is symbolized by a
person’s ideas of perfection,
completion, and wholeness, but
its ultimate symbol is the
mandala.
*MANDALA- it represents the
strivings of the collective
unconscious for unity, balance and
wholeness.
 SELF cont’d.
- Although the self is almost never perfectly
balanced, each person has in the collective
unconscious a concept of the perfect, unified
self.
- In the collective unconscious, the self appears
as an ideal personality, sometimes taking the
form of Jesus Christ, Buddha and Krishna or
other deified figures.
- The self includes both the conscious and
unconscious mind, and it unites the opposing
elements of the psyche; male and female, good
and evil, light and dark forces.
*These opposing elements are often represented by
the yang and yin.
 Self cont’d.

To actualize or fully experience the

self:
• People must overcome their fear of
the unconscious.
• Prevent their persona from
dominating their personality.
• Recognize their shadow.- 1st step
• Courageous enough to face their
anima or animus.- 2nd step
 DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

A. CAUSALITY AND TELEOLOGY

Causality- present events have
their origin in previous experiences.
Teleology- present events are
motivated by goals and aspirations
for the future that directs a
person’s destiny.

*** Jung insisted that human behavior

is shaped by causal and teleological
forces that and that causal
explanations must be balanced with
teleological once. ***
 DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY cont’d.

B. PROGRESSION AND REGRESSION

Progression- adaptation to the outside world involves the flow of psychic energy.
- inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental
conditions.
Regression- adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy.
- necessary backward step in the successful attainment of a goal.
- activates the unconscious psyche, an essential aid in the solution of many
problems.

- Jung believed that the regressive step is necessary to create a balanced

personality and to grow toward self-realization.
*** Both progression and regression are essential if people are to achieve individual
growth or self-realization.***
JUNG’s CONCEPT of PERSONALITY
 Psychological Types
1. Attitudes- it is the predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction.
- Jung insisted that each person has both and introverted and an extroverted attitude, although
one may be conscious while the other is unconscious.
Introversion- It is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the
subjective.
- They are tuned in to their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams and individualized
perceptions.
- These people perceive the external world, but they do so selectively and with their own
subjective view.
Extraversion- it is the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the
objective.
- They are more influenced by their surroundings.
• Psychologically healthy people attain a balance of the two attitudes, feeling equally
comfortable with their internal and external worlds.
2. FUNCTIONS:
a. Thinking- Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas.
 Extraverted Thinking- Rely heavily on concrete thoughts, but they may also use
abstract ideas if these have been transmitted to them. (e.g., Mathematicians,
engineers, accountant, research scientists)
 Introverted Thinking- Interpretation of an event is colored more by the internal
meaning they bring with them.
- They react to the external world in a highly subjective and creative manner,
interpreting old data in new ways.
- When carried to an extreme, it results in unproductive mystical thoughts that are
so individualized that they re useless to any other person. (e.g., Inventors,
Philosophers, Theoretical Scientists)
b. Feeling- process of evaluating an event or idea.
- It is the evaluation of every conscious activity, even those valued as indifferent.

- Most of these evaluations have no emotional content, but they are capable of becoming
emotions if their intensity increases to the point of stimulating physiological changes
within the person.
 Extraverted Feeling- use objective data to make evaluations.
- They are guided by external values and widely accepted standards of judgment.
- They are likely to be at ease in social situations, knowing on the spur of the moment what
to say and how to say it.
- They are usually well-liked because of their sociability, but in their quest to conform to
social standards, they may appear artificial, shallow and unreliable.
- (e.g., Politicians, businesspeople, real estate appraisers and objective movie critics)

*These professions demand and reward the making of value judgments based on objective
information.*
 Introverted Feeling- They are an individualized conscience, a silent
demeanor and an unfathomable (deep) psyche.
- They ignore traditional opinions and beliefs and their nearly complete
indifference to the objective world often causes persons around them
to feel uncomfortable and to cool their attitude toward them.(e.g.,
Subjective movie critics and art appraisers)
C. Sensing- receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual
consciousness.
- It is the individual’s perception of sensory impulses.
 Extraverted Sensing- perceive external stimuli objectively, in much the
same way that these stimuli exist in reality. (e.g., proofreader, house
painter, wine taster, popular musicians or any other job demanding
sensory discriminations congruent with those of most people.)
 Introverted Sensing- they are guided by their interpretation of sense
stimuli.
- They give a subjective interpretation to objective phenomenon yet are
able to communicate meaning to others.
- When carried to its extreme, it may result in hallucinations, esoteric
and incomprehensible speech. (e.g., Artists and classical musicians)
D. Intuiting- Involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness.
- Intuiting differs form sensing in that it is more creative, often adding or
subtracting elements from conscious sensation.
 Extraverted Intuitive- oriented toward fats in the external world.
- Suppress many of their sensations and are guided by hunches and guesses
contrary to sensory data. (e.g., Inventors who must inhibit distracting
sensory data and concentrate on unconscious solutions to objective problems;
religious reformers)
 Introverted Intuitive- guided by unconscious perception of the facts that are
basically subjective and have little or no resemblance to external reality.
 Capable of motivating decisions in monumental magnitude.
 May not clearly understand their own motivations yet they are deeply moved by
them. (e.g., mystics, prophets, surrealistic artists, religious fanatics)
 SELF-REALIZATION
• Psychological rebirth or individuation: it is the process of
becoming an individual or whole person.
• It is the process of integrating the opposite poles into a
single homogenous individual.
 Achieved realization of the self

 Minimized the persona

 Recognized the anima or animus

 Acquired a workable balance between introversion and

extraversion
 Have elevated all four of the functions to superior position

 Assimilate their unconscious into their personality

 Remove the ego as the dominant concern of personality and

replace it with the self
 Allow the unconscious self to become the core of personality

 Aware of the regressive process that leads to self-discovery

 Welcome unconscious images as they appear in dreams and

introspective reflections.