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    Krishna

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    Krishna Kashyap
    Diffraction is the spreading out of waves around obstacles and openings. It occurs with sound, light, and particles like atoms that show wave-like properties. There are two main types of diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction and Fresnel diffraction. Fraunhofer diffraction occurs when the light source and observing screen are far from the diffracting object. Fresnel diffraction happens when the source or screen is at a finite distance. Both types involve the interference of secondary waves emitted from points on the diffracting object.

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    Krishna

    Uploaded by

    Krishna Kashyap
    37 views9 pages
    Diffraction is the spreading out of waves around obstacles and openings. It occurs with sound, light, and particles like atoms that show wave-like properties. There are two main types of diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction and Fresnel diffraction. Fraunhofer diffraction occurs when the light source and observing screen are far from the diffracting object. Fresnel diffraction happens when the source or screen is at a finite distance. Both types involve the interference of secondary waves emitted from points on the diffracting object.

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    Diffraction is the spreading out of waves around obstacles and openings. It occurs with sound, light, and particles like atoms that show wave-like properties. There are two main types of diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction and Fresnel diffraction. Fraunhofer diffraction occurs when the light source and observing screen are far from the diffracting object. Fresnel diffraction happens when the source or screen is at a finite distance. Both types involve the interference of secondary waves emitted from points on the diffracting object.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    37 views9 pages

    Krishna

    Uploaded by

    Krishna Kashyap
    Diffraction is the spreading out of waves around obstacles and openings. It occurs with sound, light, and particles like atoms that show wave-like properties. There are two main types of diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction and Fresnel diffraction. Fraunhofer diffraction occurs when the light source and observing screen are far from the diffracting object. Fresnel diffraction happens when the source or screen is at a finite distance. Both types involve the interference of secondary waves emitted from points on the diffracting object.

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    of 9

    Submitted By:- Submitted To:-

    SriKrishna Das Prof Kanad Ray

    B. TECH.(FOOD TECHNOLOGY)
    BATCH:- 2022-2026
    Diffractio
    n
    Basics of diffraction
    Introduction

    • Diffraction, the spreading of waves around obstacles.


    Diffraction takes place with sound; with 
    electromagnetic radiation, such as light, X-rays, and 
    gamma rays; and with very small moving particles such
    as atoms, neutrons, and electrons, which show wavelike
    properties.
    • Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi coined the
    word diffraction and was the first to record accurate
    observations of the phenomenon in 1660.
     Huygens–Fresnel principle 
    • In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is described
    by the Huygens–Fresnel principle that treats each point in a
    propagating wavefront as a collection of individual spherical 
    wavelets.[3] The characteristic bending pattern is most
    pronounced when a wave from a coherent source (such as a
    laser) encounters a slit/aperture that is comparable in size to
    its wavelength, as shown in the inserted image. This is due to
    the addition, or interference, of different points on the
    wavefront (or, equivalently, each wavelet) that travel by paths
    of different lengths to the registering surface. If there are
    multiple, closely spaced openings (e.g., a diffraction grating), a
    complex pattern of varying intensity can result.
    Types of
    Diffraction
    There are two types of diffraction

    [i] Fraunhofer diffraction ,and

    [ii] Fresnel diffraction


    .
    [i] Fraunhofer Diffraction

    • This class of diffraction is characterized by a linear variation of


    the phases of the Huygens secondary waves with distance
    across the wavefront, as they arrive at a given point on the
    observing screen. At the instant that the incident plane wave
    occupies the plane of the diffracting screen, it may be regarded
    as sending out, from each element of its surface, a multitude of
    secondary waves, the joint effect of which is to be evaluated in
    the focal plane of the lens L2. The analysis of these secondary
    waves involves taking account of both their amplitudes and
    their phases. The simplest way to do this is to use a graphical
    method, the method of the vibration curve, which can readily be
    extended to cases of Fresnel diffraction.
    [ii] Fresnel Diffraction
    • The diffraction effects obtained when the source of light or the
    observing screen are at a finite distance from the diffracting
    aperture or obstacle come under the classification of Fresnel
    diffraction. This type of diffraction requires for its observation
    only a point source, a diffracting screen of some sort, and an
    observing screen. The latter is often advantageously replaced by a
    magnifier or a low-power microscope. The observed diffraction
    patterns generally differ according to the radius of curvature of the
    wave and the distance of the point of observation behind the
    screen. If the diffracting screen has circular symmetry, such as
    that of an opaque disk or a round hole, a point source of light
    must be used. If it has straight, parallel edges, it is desirable from
    the standpoint of brightness to use an illuminated slit parallel to
    these edges. In the latter case, it is possible to regard the wave
    emanating from the slit as a cylindrical one. For the purpose of
    deriving the vibration curve, the appropriate way of dividing the
    wavefront into infinitesimal elements is to use annular rings in the
    first case, and strips parallel to the axis of the cylinder in the
    second case.
    Thank
    you

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