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    Ch1 5

    Uploaded by

    Shivraj Chougule
    The document discusses phase transformations in materials science. It covers different types of phase transformations including diffusional, diffusionless, and order-based transformations. It describes the energies involved in solid-solid transformations including bulk Gibbs free energy, interfacial energy, and strain energy. Specific phase transformation mechanisms are discussed such as nucleation and growth, and the development of microstructures during solidification and dendritic transformations. Key concepts around homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation and the calculation of the critical nucleation size are also summarized.

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    Ch1 5

    Uploaded by

    Shivraj Chougule
    12 views16 pages
    The document discusses phase transformations in materials science. It covers different types of phase transformations including diffusional, diffusionless, and order-based transformations. It describes the energies involved in solid-solid transformations including bulk Gibbs free energy, interfacial energy, and strain energy. Specific phase transformation mechanisms are discussed such as nucleation and growth, and the development of microstructures during solidification and dendritic transformations. Key concepts around homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation and the calculation of the critical nucleation size are also summarized.

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    The document discusses phase transformations in materials science. It covers different types of phase transformations including diffusional, diffusionless, and order-based transformations. It describes the energies involved in solid-solid transformations including bulk Gibbs free energy, interfacial energy, and strain energy. Specific phase transformation mechanisms are discussed such as nucleation and growth, and the development of microstructures during solidification and dendritic transformations. Key concepts around homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation and the calculation of the critical nucleation size are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    12 views16 pages

    Ch1 5

    Uploaded by

    Shivraj Chougule
    The document discusses phase transformations in materials science. It covers different types of phase transformations including diffusional, diffusionless, and order-based transformations. It describes the energies involved in solid-solid transformations including bulk Gibbs free energy, interfacial energy, and strain energy. Specific phase transformation mechanisms are discussed such as nucleation and growth, and the development of microstructures during solidification and dendritic transformations. Key concepts around homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation and the calculation of the critical nucleation size are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science,

    COEP Pune-5

    Class : S. Y. Metallurgy

    Acad. Year: 2020-21

    Course : Principles of Physical Metallurgy

    Topic: Phase transformation


    Course coordinator: Mrs. S. U. Dangarikar

    Lecture: 15
    Phase Transformation
    • Based on mass transport
    • Diffusional
    • Diffusionless
    • Based on Order
    • 1st order (Nucleation and growth)
    • 2nd and higher order (Volume transformation)
    Bulk Gibbs free energy ↓

    Energies involved Interfacial energy ↑

    Strain energy ↑ Solid-solid transformation

    New interface created

    Volume of transforming material

    Porter
    Solidification = Nucleation + Growth

    Nucleation
    Homogenous

    Nucleation
     Liquid → solid
    Heterogenous walls of container, inclusions
     Solid → solid
    inclusions, grain boundaries,
    dislocations, stacking faults

     The probability of nucleation occurring at point in the parent phase is same


    throughout the parent phase
     In heterogeneous nucleation there are some preferred sites in the parent phase
    where nucleation can occur
    Porter
    1nd order
    nucleation & growth

    Growth
    Nucleation
    Trasformation till
    = of + L is
    L→  phase
    exhausted
    Solidification
    Mechanism of dendritic
    transformation
    Development of Cast structure
    Cast structure schematic
    Dendritic structure
    Liquid → Solid phase transformation

     On cooling just below Tm solid becomes stable


     But solidification does not start
     E.g. liquid Ni can be undercooled 250 K below Tm
    ↑t
    Solid stable Liquid stable

    Crude schematic!
    Gv

    Solid (GS)

    G → ve
    G →

    T Liquid (GL)
    G → +ve
    Tm “For sufficient
    T → Ref: Porter Undercooling”
    T - Undercooling
    Neglected in L → S
    Homogenous nucleation transformations
    Free energy change on nucleation 
    Reduction in bulk free energy  increase in surface energy  increase in strain energy

    ΔG  (Volume).( G )  (Surface).( )

    4 3 2
    ΔG   r .(Gv )  4r .( )  
    3 

    Liquid
    Gv  f (T )
    r3
    r2 Solid

    1
    Ref: Porter
    4
    ΔG   r 3 .(Gv )  4r 2 .( )

    3 
     By setting dG/dr = 0 the critical values (corresponding to the maximum)
    are obtained (denoted by superscript *)
     Reduction in free energy is obtained only after r0 is obtained

    2 As Gv is ve, r*is +ve


    dG *
    0 r1  0 r2  
    *

    dr Gv
    Trivial
    * 2
    r  dG
    0
    Gv dr
    3 G  0
    16 
    G *  
    3 Gv2
    r*
    G →

    r0
    3
    G  0 r0   Embryos Supercritical nuclei
    Gv
    Ref: Porter
    r →
    Free energy as function of radius
    r* critical radius
    • Liquid metal is cooled below freezing point,
    slow moving atom bond together to form
    nuclei.
    • Nucleus –larger than critical size can grow into
    crystal
    • Embryo-smaller than critical size, continuously
    formed and redissolve in molten metal
    • r*= -2 ϒ/∆Gv
    Gv  f (T ) The bulk free energy reduction is a function of undercooling

    Turnbull approximation
    Tm
     16 3 Tm2
    G  
    3 T 2 H 2
    Decreasing G*


    s ing
    a
    c re
    In

    Decreasing r*
    G →

    r →

    Ref:Porter

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