Language of Research Campaign and Advocacy G10

LESSON 6
What is RESEARCH?
What is a research?
◦ a process of systematic inquiry that entails

collection of data; documentation of critical
information; and analysis and interpretation of that
data/information, in accordance with suitable
methodologies set by specific professional fields
and academic disciplines. (Hampshire College, n.d.)
Grammatical Guidelines in the Language of
Research
◦ 1. Do not begin or end sentences with prepositions.
◦ 2. Refrain from repeating words or expressions.
◦ 3. Use commas effectively.
◦ 4. Use quotations in punctuations correctly.
◦ 5. Always write in complete sentences.
How to Use Punctuation with Quotation Marks
◦ Punctuation before quotation marks Commas and colons can be used before the start of a quote.
Commas are used for short quotes; colons for longer quotes.
◦ For example: The student sighed, “I still don’t understand question marks.”
◦ In their textbook on how to study grammar, Klammer, Schultz and Volpe claim: “As college students,
you participate through written and spoken language in a worldwide community in which your linguistic
skills are central to your ability as an effective communicator”
◦ End Punctuation for the sentence
◦ Short punctuation (periods, commas) that is part of the sentence stays inside the quotation marks.
◦ For example: The diligent student stated, “Punctuation is a useful tool for writing clearly.”
◦ Tall punctuation (question marks, exclamation points, colons, semi-colons, dashes) that is part of the
sentence stays outside the quotation marks. For example: How many people have ever said, “I don’t like
grammar.”?
What is preposition?
◦ A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun,
pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location,
spatial relationships, or to introduce an object.
◦ Some examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and
"to.“
DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
◦ Before we dig into commas, it’s important to understand the difference between dependent and independent clauses. Commas
often depend on them!
◦ Dependent and independent clauses and why they matter
◦ An independent clause is a group of words that can stand alone as a sentence. It contains a subject and a verb, and forms a
complete thought.
◦ The kitten was cute.
◦ Dependent clauses contain a subject and a verb, too, but they’re not complete thoughts. You can often spot them because they
begin with conjunctions or prepositions, like after, as, before, if, since, that, though, unless, until, when, and while.
◦ After I visited the animal shelter.
◦ After you visited the animal shelter, what happened? The dependent clause can’t stand by itself.
How to use comma?
◦ 1. USE A COMMA TO SEPARATE INDEPENDENT CLAUSES.
Rule: Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, yet, so, or nor, for) when it joins two
complete ideas (independent clauses).
1. He walked down the street he turned the corner.
2. You can go shopping with me you can go to a movie alone.
◦ 2. USE A COMMA AFTER AN INTRODUCTORY CLAUSE OR PHRASE.
◦ Rule: Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase. A comma tells readers that the introductory
clause or phrase has come to a close and that the main part of the sentence is about to begin.
1. When Evan was ready to iron, his cat tripped on the cord.
2. Near a small stream at the bottom of the canyon, park rangers discovered a gold mine.
◦ 3. USE A COMMA BETWEEN ALL ITEMS IN A SERIES.
Rule: Use a comma to separate each item in a series; a series is a group of three or more items having the
same function and form in a sentence.
1. We bought apples, peaches, and bananas today. (series of words)
2. Mary promised that she would be a good girl, that she would not bite her brother, and that she would
not climb onto the television.
3. The instructor looked through his briefcase, through his desk, and around the office for the lost grade
book.
◦ 4. USE A COMMA TO SET OFF APPOSITIVES.
◦ Rule: An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames a nearby noun.
1. Alexander Pope, the Restoration poet, is famous for his monologues.
2. Edison, the inventor of light bulb, is often called US’s greatest inventor.
◦ 5. USE COMMAS TO SET OFF DIRECT QUOTATIONS.
Rule: A dialogue is a conversation between two or more people. If the speaker (not the listener) in the
conversation is identified, his name, (or the noun or pronoun used to refer to the speaker), and the verb that
refers to his speaking are enclosed within commas.
1. Mary said, “I dislike concerts because the music is too loud.”
2. “I dislike concerts because the music is too loud,” she said.
3. “I dislike concerts,” proclaimed Mary, “because the music is too loud.”
◦ 6. USE A COMMA TO INDICATE DIRECT ADDRESS.
Rule: When a speaker in a sentence names the person to whom he is speaking, this addressing of his
audience is called direct address. Direct address is indicated by the use of a comma or commas, depending
upon its placement within the sentence.
1. I think, John, you’re wrong.
2. John, I think you’re wrong.
3. I think you’re wrong, John.
◦ 7. USE COMMAS WITH DATES, ADDRESSES, TITLES, AND NUMBERS.
Rules for dates: In dates, the year is set off from the rest of the sentence with a pair of commas.
1. On December 12, 1890, orders were sent out for the arrest of Sitting Bull.
Rules for addresses: The elements of an address or place name are separated by commas. A zip code, however, is
not preceded by a comma.
2. John Lennon was born in Liverpool, England, in 1940
3. Please send the letter to Greg Carvin at 708 Spring Street, Washington, IL 61571.
Rules for titles: If a title follows a name, separate the title from the rest of the sentence with a pair of commas.
4. Professor of English, Robert Yeager, is chair of the Department of English and Foreign Languages.
Rules for numbers: In numbers more than four digits long, use commas to separate the numbers into groups of
three, starting from the right. In numbers four digits long, a comma is optional.
5. 3,500 [or 3500]
6. 100,000
7. 6,000,000
Post-Assessment
◦ Marty ate four pancakes two bacon strips and a bowl of grits.
◦ Simon Blake a well-known lawyer may run for governor.
◦ If you ever need a ride Judy just let me know.
◦ “I’ll eat the eggs” said Jane “if you’ll eat the bacon.”
◦ The winner of the contest will receive $1000000.

Grammatical Guidelines in the Language of
Research
◦6. Do not use superlatives and subjective
statements.
◦7. Avoid oversimplifying statements.
◦8. Avoid trivial discussion.
◦9. Pay attention to your word choice
How to use appropriate Research Language? (Jain,
R. and Chetty, P., 2022)
◦ Avoid using bloated language

◦ Avoid redundancy
◦ Do not inject everyday spoken language
◦ Use varying sentence structure
◦ Use sufficient referring and citation
◦ Refer to the right sources and secondary information
◦ Always grammar check
Bloated Language
◦ Remember that a good academic paper is clear and concise.
Avoid redundancy
◦ The main goal of an academic paper is expressing

not rambling on the readers.
Use appropriate academic language
◦ The use of casual language should be avoided.

◦ Use words and phrases that are organized, logical,
and avoids a detached tone.
Use sufficient referencing and citations
◦ Academic papers are reliant on the review of

existing information, and references are important.
Note:
There is no standard rule for the number of references to use
in a study, as a hand rule consider an average, of 1 reference
per 100- 150 words.
◦For more tips on writing a
research log on to this site:
https://www.projectguru.in/how-to-
use-appropriate-academic-language
-in-papers/
CAMPAIGNS AND
ADVOCACIES
Joshua Roldan
What are campaigns?
◦ Campaigns are advertisements, sales promotion,

public relations, or meaningful and socio-civic
activities that aim to achieve action toward a specific
cause using various persuasive mechanisms.
◦ A campaign runs for a specific period and focuses
on a specific target audience.
What are campaigns?
◦ A campaign is a planned set of activities that people carry out over
a period of time in order to achieve something such as social or
political change. (Collins Dictionary, n.d.)
◦ advertising campaigns possess erroneous grammar structures
intended to create statements that would entice the attention and
curiosity of the consumers. (
Campaign Error Examples (Top and Digital Language, n.d.)
◦ Apple: “Think Different” — Think differently

◦ Eggo Waffles: “Leggo my Eggo” — Let go of my
Eggo
◦ Milk: “Got Milk?” — Do you have milk?
◦ Subway: “Subway, eat fresh” — Subway, eat freshly
◦ McDonald’s: “I’m lovin’ it” — I am loving it
Pareto principle
◦ In a marketing standpoint, these grammars are accepted with what
is called the Pareto Principle.
◦ The Pareto Principle also called the 80/20 rule, is something that
copywriters use to justify the use of unconventional grammar. The
said theory named after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, states
that 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes. That is the
rule of thumb in the business world today.
Advocacy
◦ Advocacy is the concept of supporting a particular cause, principle,
or policy that an individual or a group would want to pursue or
work on.
◦ Advocacy is defined as any action that speaks in favor of,
recommends, argues for a cause, supports or defends, or pleads on
behalf of others. (Alliance for Justice, 2016)
What to Remember when writing advocacy
letters, essays, or speech…
◦ Be clear with your intention on supporting an advocacy.
◦ Research extensively on the advocacy that you would want to engage in.
◦ State the issue directly, but not forcefully, in your introductory paragraph.
◦ The body of your letter or essay should encompass the background details of
your cause.
◦ Present and acknowledge your sources by citing them.
◦ Conclude your piece by stirring the emotions of your readers.

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LESSON 6

◦ a process of systematic inquiry that entails

◦ Simon Blake a well-known lawyer may run for governor.

◦ If you ever need a ride Judy just let me know.

◦ The winner of the contest will receive $1000000.

◦ Avoid using bloated language

◦ The main goal of an academic paper is expressing

◦ The use of casual language should be avoided.

◦ Academic papers are reliant on the review of

◦ Campaigns are advertisements, sales promotion,

◦ Apple: “Think Different” — Think differently

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