DC-DC Converters

• Since the change in inductor current is known, the

maximum and minimum values of the inductor
current are computed as

• where ƒ =1/T is the switching frequency.

 DC-DC Converters
• For the preceding analysis to be valid,
continuous current in the inductor must be
verified. An easy check for continuous current
is to calculate the minimum inductor current .
• Since the minimum value of inductor current
must be positive for continuous current, a
negative minimum is not allowed due to the
diode and indicates discontinuous current.
 DC-DC Converters
• To determine the combination of (L) and (ƒ)
that will result in continuous current.
• Since (Imin = 0 ) is the boundary between
continuous and discontinuous current,
 DC-DC Converters

• where Lmin is the minimum inductance

required for continuous current. In practice, a
value of inductance greater than Lmin is
desirable to ensure continuous current.
 DC-DC Converters
• In the design of a buck converter, the peak-to-
peak variation in the inductor current is often
used as a design criterion.
• Equation can be combined with
equation to determine the value of
inductance for a specified peak-to-peak
inductor current for continuous-current
operation .
DC-DC Converters
 DC-DC Converters
• Since the converter components are assumed
to be ideal, the power supplied by the source
must be the same as the power absorbed by
the load resistor.
 DC-DC Converters
• Example : The buck dc-dc converter of below
Fig. has the following parameters:

• Assuming ideal components, calculate (a) the

output voltage Vo , (b) the maximum and
minimum inductor current .
 DC-DC Converters
■ Solution
(a) The inductor current is assumed to be
continuous, and the output voltage is

(b) Maximum and minimum inductor currents

are
 DC-DC Converters

• The average inductor current is 1 A

• Note that the minimum inductor current is
positive, verifying that the assumption of
continuous current was valid.
 DC-DC Converters
• THE BOOST CONVERTER :
• The boost converter is shown in below Fig.

Figure 3-4, The boost converter circuit

 DC-DC Converters
• THE BOOST CONVERTER :
• This is another switching converter that
operates by periodically opening and closing
an electronic switch. It is called a boost
converter because the output voltage is larger
than the input.
 DC-DC Converters
• Voltage and Current Relationships
• The analysis assumes the following:
 Steady-state conditions exist.
 The switching period is (T), and the switch is closed
for time (DT) and open for(1- D)T.
 The inductor current is continuous (always positive).
 The capacitor is very large, and the output voltage is
held constant at voltage Vo.
 The components are ideal.
 DC-DC Converters
• The analysis proceeds by examining the
inductor voltage and current for the switch
closed and again for the switch open.
 DC-DC Converters
• Analysis for the Switch Closed
• When the switch is closed, the diode is reverse
biased.

Figure 3-5 (a) The boost converter circuit , (b) Equivalent circuit for the switch closed
 DC-DC Converters
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) around the path
containing the source, inductor, and closed
switch is
 DC-DC Converters
• The rate of change of current is a constant, so
the current increases linearly while the switch
is closed, as shown in Fig 3-6 (b)
 DC-DC Converters

Figure 3-6 , Boost converter waveforms. (a) Inductor voltage; (b) Inductor current; (c) Diode current; (d) Capacitor current.
 DC-DC Converters
• Analysis for the Switch Open
• When the switch is opened, the inductor
current cannot change instantaneously, so the
diode becomes forward-biased to provide a
path for inductor current.
 DC-DC Converters

Figure 3-7 (a) The boost converter circuit; (b) Equivalent circuit for the switch open.

• Assuming that the output voltage Vo is a

constant, the voltage across the inductor is
 DC-DC Converters
• The rate of change of inductor current is a
constant, so the current must change linearly
while the switch is open.
• The change in inductor current while the
switch is open is
 DC-DC Converters
• For steady-state operation, the net change in
inductor current must be zero.
 DC-DC Converters
• The average inductor voltage must be zero for
periodic operation. Expressing the average
inductor voltage over one switching period

• The average current in the inductor is

determined by recognizing that the average
power supplied by the source must be the same
as the average power absorbed by the load
resistor.
 DC-DC Converters
• Output power is :

• Input power is :

• Equating input and output powers:

 DC-DC Converters
• By solving for average inductor current and
making various substitutions, IL can be
expressed as :
 DC-DC Converters
• Maximum and minimum inductor currents are
determined by using the average value and
the change in current
 DC-DC Converters
• A condition necessary for continuous inductor
current is for Imin to be positive.
• The boundary between continuous and
discontinuous inductor current is determined
from
 DC-DC Converters
• The minimum combination of inductance and
switching frequency for continuous current in
the boost converter is therefore
 DC-DC Converters
• A boost converter designed for continuous
current operation will have an inductor value
greater than Lmin.
• From a design perspective, it is useful to
express (L) from