Learners from Indigenous

Groups in the Philippines

Luzon,Visayas and Mindanao

 What is Indigenous groups in the Philippines?

The term indigenous when applied to the Philippine population can be a deceptive misnomer, connoting
alien migrant populations who have over time become the majority ethnolinguistic and cultural group
in the land and thereby pushing indigens to the fringes of socio-cultural inclusion, such as in the
Americas, Middle East, Australia, or New Zealand. Contrarily, the vast majority of people in the
Philippines descend from the same Austronesian ancestral populations indigenous to the archipelago,
regardless of cultural, religious, ethnolinguistic or tribal affiliations. (Ethnic groups in the Philippines).

The number of Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines is unknown, but it is estimated that between 10%
and 20% of the country's population. The Philippines has adopted the United Nations Declaration on
the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, but has not yet ratified II Convention 69.

Republic Law 8371, known as the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), was enacted in 1997. It has
been praised for its support for the cultural integrity of Indigenous Peoples, the right to their lands and
the right to self-directed development of these lands.

A more substantial implementation of the law is still sought, as the Indigenous Peoples of the
Philippines continue to live in geographically isolated areas with lack of access to basic social services
and few opportunities for widespread economic activities, education or political participation.
Luzon
The Indigenous groups in
• The Kalinga people are an indigenous
Luzon ethnic group whose ancestral domain is in the
• The Ibaloi (also spelled Ibaloy,ivadoy are an
indigenous ethnic group found in Benguet Cordillera Mountain Range of the northern
Province of the northern Philippines. Ibaloi is Philippines. They are mainly found in
derived from a prefix signifying "pertaining to" Kalinga province. Some of them, however,
and badoy or house, together then meaning already migrated to Mountain Province,
"people who live in houses". The Ibaloi are one Apayao, Cagayan, and Abra. The name
of the indigenous peoples collectively known as Kalinga is actually an exonym which came
Igorot (igudut, "hill-dwellers"), who live in the from the Ibanag and Gaddang term kalinga,
cordillera central of Luzón which means headhunter.

• The Ifugao people are the ethnic group

inhabiting Ifugao Province. The term "Ifugao" • The Bontoc (or Bontok) ethnolinguistic
is derived from "ipugo" which means "earth group can be found in the central and eastern
people", "mortals" or "humans", as portions of Mountain Province, in the
distinguished from spirits and deities. It also Philippines. Although some Bontocs of
means "from the hill", as pugo means hill. The Natonin and Paracelis identify themselves as
term Igorot or Ygolote was the term used by Balangaos, Gaddangs or Kalingas, the term
Spanish conquerors for mountain people. The "Bontoc" is used by linguists and
Ifugaos, however, prefer the name Ifugao. anthropologists to distinguish speakers of the
Bontoc language from neighboring
ethnolinguistic groups. They formerly
practiced head-hunting and had distinctive
body tattoos.
Luzon
TINGGIAN ISNEG
• Tinguian is derived from tinggi (Malay ‘mountain’). Early • Isneg (Isnag or Apayao) "is" means "recede" and "uneg"
Spanish colonizers used the term more generically to refer to means "interior", live in the northern Cordillera of Luzon.
all mountain peoples. Later, the term became a more specific They are notorious for headhunting and were among the
name for the various upland peoples found in Abra province last of the Cordilleran peoples to be brought under colonial
and its Ilocos peripheries. Like Igorot, Tinguian does not control. Polygamy is allowed but depends on the capacity
denote a homogenous language and culture. Tinguian peoples of the husband to support the family.
share many historical continuities with Kalinga, Kankanay
and Bontoc cultures and languages. Nothern Kankanaey
• The Northern Kankanaey or Applai live in Sagada and
• The Bago (Bago Igorot) were identified first in the Besao, western Mountain province, and constitute a
municipality of Pugo in the southeastern side of La Union. linguistic group Their smallest social unit is the sinba-ey,
This is a highly acculturated group whose villages are along which includes the father, mother, and children. The sinba-
major transporation routes between the lowlands and the eys make up the dap-ay/ebgan which is the ward. Their
Abatan, Benguet markets in the highland. The major ritual society is divided into two classes: the kadangyan (rich),
practices and beliefs are somewhat related to the northern who are the leaders and who inherit their power through
Kankanay, thus the idea that the people were migrants because lineage or intermarriage, and the kado (poor). They
of trade from western Mountain Province. The Kankanay practice bilateral kinship.
regard them as such and not as a specific ethnic group. The The Northern Kankana-eys believe in many supernatural
language is a mixture of northern Kankanay with an infusion
of lowland dialects. Most of the individuals are bilingual with beliefs and omens, and in gods and spirits like the anito
Ilocano as the trade language. (soul of the dead) and nature spirits.
They also have various rituals, such as the rituals for
Their agricultural activities revolve around a mixture of courtship and marriage and death and burial.
highland root crops like sweet potatoes, yams, and taro, and
lowland vegetables and fruits.
Luzon
• The Southern Kankanaey are one of the ethnolinguistic groups in the • The Bugkalot (also Ilongot or
Cordillera. They live in the mountainous regions of Mountain Province
and Benguet, more specifically in the municipalities of Tadian, Bauko,
Ibilao are a tribe inhabiting the
Sabangan, Bakun, Kibungan and Mankayan. southern Sierra Madre and
Caraballo Mountains, on the east
• The kinship group of the Southern Kankana-eys consists of his descent
group and, once he is married, his affinal kinsmen. Their society is side of Luzon in the Philippines,
divided into two social classes based primarily on the ownership of primarily in the provinces of
land: The rich (baknang) and the poor (abiteg or kodo). Nueva Vizcaya and Nueva Ecija
• They also believe in the spirits of ancestors (ap-apo or kakkading), and and along the mountain border
the earth spirits they call anito. They are very superstitious and believe between the provinces of
that performing rituals and ceremonies help deter misfortunes and Quirino and Aurora. They are
calamities. Some of these rituals are pedit (to bring good luck to
newlyweds), pasang (cure sterility and sleeping sickness, particularly also commonly referred to as
drowsiness) and pakde (cleanse community from death-causing evil "Ilongot", especially in older
spirits). studies, but nowadays, the Bugkalot/Ilongot
• The Kankanaey have a different way when they dress. The soft- endonym Bugkalot is preferred People
speaking Kankanaey women's dress has a color combination of black, in modern ethnic research. They
white and red. The design of the upper attire is a criss-crossed style of were formerly headhunters
black, white and red colors. The skirt or tapis is a combination of
stripes of black, white and red. Their native language is the
Bugkalot language, They also
• They speak Kankanaey with hard intonation and they differ in some
words from the soft-speaking Kankanaey. The soft-speaking speak the Ilocano language.
Kankanaeys come from Northern and some parts of Benguet and from
the municipalities of Sabangan, Tadian and Bauko in Mountain
Province. In words, for example, an Applai might say otik or beteg
(pig) and the soft-speaking Kankanaey may say busaang or beteg as
well. The Kankanaeys may also differ in some words like egay or aga,
maid or maga.
Luzon
Challenges in Education
The challenges to IP/ICC students are associated with the cost of
transportation, board and lodging, need for subsistence allowance, as well as
the discriminatory treatment of mainstream society. The use of English as a
medium of instruction in most IP curricula is a blatant disregard to the
policies respecting IP culture. It is a form of cultural invasion within the
framework of the right to Education. Furthermore, limited knowledge on the
provisions of IPRA on the access to educational and cultural opportunities
may be interpreted as a “continuum of manipulation, division, invasion and
cultural conquest” intended to impose anti-dialogical action that ensures
pedagogical oppression of the minority.
These findings call for change agents to start the process of pedagogical
liberation. Somebody who could move the IPs toward reflection and action so
that a higher level of protection and appropriate promotion of their rights to
Education may be realized. NCIP personnel and teachers of IPs can play the
role of change agents. By using dialogue and cooperation with the minority
students, they can act to correct the historical injustices on IPs and help
promote the IPs/ICCs rights and welfare.
 Centered of Discussion
(Luzon)
“Aeta” Medicine
The Aeta Agta, or Dumagat, are collective terms for several Filipino indigenous peoples Aeta women are known around the country as
who live in various parts of the island of Luzon in the Philippines. They are considered to experts of the herbal medicines.
be part of the Negrito ethnic groups and share common physical characteristics of dark The Aeta communities take pride in their use
skin tones, short statures, curly to Afro-textured hair, and a higher frequency of naturally of herbal medicines and their own natural
lighter hair colour (blondism) relative to the general population. The name "Aeta" is ways of curing the sick. Finding their main
derived from itom or itim meaning, "black", but this is incorrect. The term "Dumagat" or source of herbal medicines in their habitat
"Dumaget" is an exonym meaning "[people] from Magat River.“
rather than buying costly medicines,
Lifestyle emphasizing the mutual relationship with the
nature, also has a great attitudinal impact
The Aeta are nomadic and build only temporary shelters made of sticks driven to the
ground and covered with the palm of banana leaves. The more modernized Aetas have pertaining to sustainability approach and
moved to villages and areas of cleared mountains. They live in houses made of bamboo practices in healthcare.
and cogon grass.
As hunter-gatherers, adaptation plays an important role in Aeta communities to survive.
This often includes gaining knowledge about the tropical forest that they live in, the
typhoon cycles that travel through their area, and other seasonal weather changes that
affect the behavior of the flora and fauna in their location.Another important survival
skill is storytelling. Like many other hunter-gatherer societies, the Aeta promote social
values, such as cooperation, through stories. Thus, they highly value skilled storytellers.
Clothing
Their traditional clothing is very plain. The young women wear wrap around skirts. Elder
women wear bark cloth, while elder men wear loin cloths. The old women of the Agta
wear a bark cloth strip which passes between the legs, and is attached to a string around
the waist. Today, most Aeta who have been in contact with lowlanders have adopted the
T-shirts, pants and rubber sandals commonly used by the latter.
 Centered of Discussion
“Igorot” (Luzon) American colonial era
The indigenous peoples of the Cordillera Mountain Range of northern Luzon,
Philippines are often referred to using the exonym Igorot people, or more Samuel E. Kane wrote about his life amongst the Bontoc,
recently, as the Cordilleran peoples. Ifugao, and Kalinga after the Philippine–American War in
his book Thirty Years with the Philippine Head-Hunters
There are nine main ethnolinguistic groups whose domains are in the
Cordillera Mountain Range, altogether numbering about 1.5 million people in (1933).The first American school for Igorot girls was
the early 21st century. From the root word golot, which means "mountain," opened in Baguio in 1901 by Alice McKay Kelly. Kane
Igolot means "people from the mountains", a reference to any of various ethnic argued that Dean C. Worcester "did more than anyone
groups in the mountains of northern Luzon. The endonyms Ifugao or Ipugaw man to stop head-hunting and to bring the traditional
(also meaning "mountain people") are used more frequently by the Igorots enemy tribes together in friendship.Kane wrote of the
themselves, as igorot is viewed by some as slightly pejorative, except by the Igorot people, "there is a peace, a rhythm and an
Ibaloys. The Spanish borrowed the term Ifugao from the lowland Gaddang and elemental strength in the life...which all the comforts and
Ibanag groups. refinements of civilization can not replace fifty years
History hence there will be little left to remind the young Igorots
of the days when the drums and ganzas of the head-
Spanish colonial era hunting canyaos resounded throughout the land.
The gold found in the land of the Igorot was an attraction for the Spanish
Originally gold was exchanged at Pangasinan by the Igorot The gold was used In 1903, Missionary Bishop Charles Brent traveled
to buy consumable products by the Igorot.Both gold and desire to Christianize through northern Luzon, in hopes of directing missionary
the Igorot were given as reasons for Spanish conquest. In 1572 the Spanish efforts to convert the pagan Igorot populace. A mission
started hunting for the gold Benguet Province was entered by the Spanish with church was established for the Bontoc Tribe of the Igorots
the intention of obtaining gold.The fact that the Igorots managed to stay out of
in the Bontoc, Mountain Province. The Bontoc
Spanish dominion vexed the Spaniards.The gold evaded the hands of the
Spaniards due to Igorot opposition.The Igorot would also be used as missionaries wrote the first Igorot grammars, which were
mercenaries and scouts during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine- published by the government.
American War.
Visayas

The Indigenous Group of Visayas WARAY

KARAY-A Waray-Waray, also known as Waray, Samaran, or

Samareo, is any member of a large ethnolinguistic
The Karay-a are a Visayan ethnic group from group in the Philippines that lives on the islands of
the Philippines' Panay and Palawan islands. Samar, eastern Leyte, and Biliran. Numbering roughly
The word "Hamitikanon," which literally 4.2 million in the early 21st century, they speak a
means "of Antique," is incorrectly used as a Visayan (Bisayan) language of the Austronesian
synonym for Karay-a. The ethnonym Karay-a
was derived from the word iraya, which (Malayo-Polynesian) family.The occupations of the
means "upstream." Warays are farming, fishing, mat making, and various
tools made of hemp, wood, and coconut. Most Waray-
Waray are farmers and live in small villages.
MAGAHAT
AKLANON
The Magahats are also known as the Ati-Man
and Bukidnon. There are concentrations of
The Aklanons live in the province of Aklan in the
Magahats found in southwestern Negros;
Santa Catalina, Bayawan, and Siaton in northern part of Panay Island. The Aklanon people are
Negros Oriental; and in Negros Occidental. the ethnolinguistic group who live in the province of
Their language is a mixture of Hiligaynon Aklan. They are part of the wider Bisaya
and Sugbuhanon. Magahats practice swidden ethnolinguistic group, who constitute the largest
agriculture because their settlements are in Filipino ethnolinguistic group. They speak Akeanon
mountainous areas. They are food gatherers and Ibayjanon, languages that are mutually intelligible
and good hunters as well. with Hiligaynon. Most Aklanons engage in agriculture,
while those in the coastal areas engage in fishing.
visayas

CEBUANO
The Cebuano people (Mga Sugbuanon in Cebuano) are the largest subgroup of the larger ethnolinguistic group Bisaya,
which makes up the country's largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group. The Cebuano language, an Austronesian language, is
their major language. Regardless of ethnicity, the term "Cebuano" also refers to the nickname given to permanent residents
of Cebu Island. The majority of Cebuanos are Roman Catholic, with many in rural areas synchronizing Catholicism with the
indigenous Bisayan folk religion. A minority of Cebuanos (specifically those in Mindanao) are Muslim, or in mixed
Chinese-Cebuano families, incorporate Catholic beliefs with aspects of Buddhism or Taoism. Among the island's notable
festivities are the Sinulog festival, which is a mixture of Christian and native cultural elements, celebrated annually every
third week of January.

ESKAYA
The Eskaya are an indigenous tribe found in the hinterlands of the towns of Duero, Guindulman, Pilar, and Sierra Bullones
in Bohol’s southeast interior. The settlement of this tribe is at Biabas, Guindulman, established in the early 20th century by
one Mariano Datahan. Datahan died in the year 1949. The Eskayas speak a Boholano dialect of Cebuano in daily life. The
Eskaya, less commonly known as the Visayan-Eskaya, is the collective name for the members of a cultural minority found in
Bohol, Philippines, which is distinguished by its cultural heritage, particularly its literature, language, dress, and religious
observances. They have a unique cultural heritage, use a distinct language and literature, and have traditional practices that
date way back to pre-Spanish times. The Eskaya are now classified as an indigenous group under Republic Act or R.A. No.
8371, entitled "The Indigenous People’s Rights Act of 1997."
Visayas

ABAKNON CAPIZNON
The Inabaknon language, also known as Abaknon,
Abaknon Sama, Capuleño, Kapul, or Capul Sinama, is Capiznon/Kapisnon (Capiceño) or Bisaya/Binisaya nga
an Austronesian language primarily spoken in the Kapisnon/Kinapisnon is an Austronesian regional language
Island Municipality of Capul of Northern Samar, in the spoken in Western Visayas in the Philippines. Capiznon is
Eastern Visayas Region of the Philippines. concentrated in the province of Capiz in the northeast of
The Abaknon live on the island of Capul on the
northern tip of Samar in the San Bernardino Straits,
Panay Island. It is a member of the Bisayan language
south of the province of Sorsogon. family and the people are part of the wider Visayan
ethnolinguistic group, who constitute the largest Filipino
ethnolinguistic group.
CALUYANON
HILIGAYNON
Caluyanon is a regional Western Bisayan language
spoken in the Caluya Islands in Antique in the Hiligaynon, also called Ilongo, or Panayan, fourth largest
Philippines. Most of its speakers use either Kinaray-a
or Hiligaynon as their second language.
ethnolinguistic group of the Philippines, living on Panay,
Caluyanon is a member of the Western Visayan branch western Negros, southern Mindoro, Tablas, Romblon,
of the Philippine language family. It is spoken in Sibuyan, Guimaras, and northwestern Masbate. They
Caluya Island in Antique province in the Western speak a Visayan (Bisayan) language of the Austronesian
Visayas Region of the Philippines. (Malayo-Polynesian) family.
Visayas

POROHANON
Porohanon is a regional Bisayan language spoken in the Camotes Islands in the
province of Cebu in the Philippines. Its closest relatives are Hiligaynon,
Capiznon and Masbateño.

BOHOLANO
The Boholano people, also called Bol-anon, refers to the people who live in the
island province of Bohol. They are part of the wider Bisaya ethnolinguistic
group, who constitute the largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group.
Boholano (Cebuano: Binol-anon) is a variant of the Cebuano language spoken
in the island province of Bohol in the Visayas and a major portion of Southern
Leyte, as well as parts of Mindanao, particularly in Northern Mindanao and
Caraga. It is sometimes erroneously described as a separate language even
though Binol-anon originated as a dialect continuum of the Cebuano language.
 THE CHALLENGES IN EDUCATION OF THE INDIGENOUS
GROUP IN VISAYAS

• The challenges that Aklanon faces are landlessness, lack of political representation and
participation, and educational backwardness. Lack of funds: Lack of funds is a major problem,
and the funds that are allocated are not being used properly. This is also a big reason. Due to a
lack of funds, basic facilities are not available in many rural schools. As a result of bullying and
peer pressure, the children's learners in Magahat lack confidence. lack of career aspiration and
low self-esteem. So teachers in Mangahat-Bukidnon may hone the talents and skills of learners by
involving them in all school and division activities so that their academic self-esteem improves.
Lastly, the teaching of Eskayan in the volunteer schools is one of the few remaining cultural
practices of the Eskaya community. Formerly, Eskaya men would wear shirts made of piña raffia
with a Chinese-style collar, black breeches, and cotton berets. Women wore piña dresses with
bulging sleeves similar to the Spanish-influenced Boholano style and covered their hair with
cotton habits. Eskaya women are not allowed to cut their hair short or wear trousers. Drinking and
dancing are likewise taboo. But due to modern influences from neighboring towns and in the
name of "progress" and "education," these customs have been discontinued. Now, the traditional
mode of dress is usually observed during weekly services and special occasions.
 Centered of Discussion (Visayas)
"WARAY"
The Waray people (or the Waray-Waray people) are a subgroup of the larger ethnolinguistic group of the Bisaya people, who constitute the largest
Filipino ethnolinguistic group in the country. Their primary language is the Waray language (also called Lineyte-Samarnon), an Austronesian
language native to the islands of Samar, Leyte, and Biliran, which together comprise the Eastern Visayas Region of the Philippines.
The Waray people speak Waray, a major Visayan language. Many also speak Cebuano as their second language. Some people of Waray descent
speak Waray as their second or third language, especially among emigrants to Metro Manila, other parts of the Philippines, and elsewhere in the
world.

TRADITIONAL
Many Waray traditions can be traced to pre-colonial times. For example, the Kuratsa Dance, or Kuratsa de Mayor, is a very popular traditional dance of
the Waray-Waray at many social gatherings, especially weddings.
STEREOTYPES
The Waray-Waray are often stereotyped as brave warriors, as in the popular phrase, "Basta ang Waray, hindi uurong sa away," meaning "Waray never
back down from a fight". Most of the negative connotations associated with this stereotype, however, which depicted Warays as violent and callous, were
caused by the notorious Waray-Waray gangs.
They are also known as contented people, so much so that, during the Spanish era, they were often called lazy for being content to live in simplicity as
farmers, and for making tuba palm wine from coconut nectar. The Warays are also known for their love of music, in particular the Kuratsa, a courtship
dance with music based on native and Hispanic influences. Local artists often create Waray versions of popular songs, such as "An Bahal nga Tuba,"
which was based on a Mexican song.
The religion of the Warays is surrounded by water. It is mountainous and has deep valleys and beaches. The occupations of the Warays are farming,
fishing, mat making, and various tools made of hemp, wood, and coconut.
Waray-waray faces a range of difficulties. Discrimination, poverty, malnutrition, and human rights violations are all concerns they deal with on a daily
basis.
They are not given the opportunity to fight for their rights and beliefs. They were illiterate, which caused them to be abused by the educated plainsmen.
They are often left as victims of modern technological methods that destroy nature. So they say that when natural resources are lost, it is as if they have
lost the hope of their life. For a long time, indigenous groups have experienced the greedy insults of foreign groups. This is why the indigenous people
avoid the development of economic and political aspects.
Mindanao
DIFFERENT INDIGENOUS GROUP OF
MINDANAO
Short description of Mindanao
The Lumad are composed of numerous
indigenous peoples scattered throughout
the Mindanao island. There are 18 major Being the second largest island group next to Luzon, Mindanao has been
Lumad groups namely: Subanen, B"laan, dubbed the country's 'Land of Promise' for its untapped, promising natural
T"boli, Mandaya, Mansaka, Tiruray, resources. It has become globally known for being home to the surf capital
Higaonon, Manobo, Bagobo, Bukidnon, of the country, a famous highly-urbanized city, and jaw-dropping beaches.
Tagkaolo, Ubo, Banwaon, Kalagan,
Dibabawon, Talaandig, Mamanwa and Mindanao is located near the southernmost tip of the Philippine archipelago
Manguangan. and makes up one-third of the country's total land area. It includes 5 of the
country's 17 administrative divisions, as well as the Autonomous Region of
Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), which was established in 1989 as part of a
long-awaited, yet short-lived peace pact signed by President Corazon
Aquino. Since the early 10th century, when Islam was brought to the
Philippines through commerce with Arab traders, Mindanao has been the
traditional homeland of Muslim Filipinos. For generations, the Muslim
people of Mindanao and Sulu in the southern Philippines, known as Moros,
have fought against assimilation into the Christianized national culture.
Beginning in the late 1960s, the Muslim minority waged a violent fight for
their ancestral territory, which they saw as a threat to their survival.
Mindanao
The Indigenous group of Mindanao

• The Subanen people are known as • The T'boli distinguish themselves from other Tribal Groups by their colorful
the aborigines of the Island of
clothes, bracelets and earrings, this tribe is famous for their complicated
Mindanao, and are found mostly in
the northern, western and southern beadwork, wonderful woven fabrics and beautiful brass ornaments. A T'boli
portions of the Zamboanga peninsula. legend tells that the T'boli are descendants of the survivors of a great flood.
They were originally found along the
river banks or "suba" but now reside • The Mandaya have one of the richest cultural heritage among ethnic groups.
in the mountains. They are very close to their families. Christianized Mandaya still retain some of
the past beliefs creating a syncretic form of religion. They can be found in
Davao Oriental province where there is a population of some 22,000.
•The Blaan people, alternatively
spelled as "B'laan", are one of the • The Mansaka are the most dominant ethnic group in Compostella Valley
indigenous peoples of Southern Province. They are said to have lived in the area since the time when
Mindanao in the Philippines. Their Magbabaya (Creator) created them. They are particular in the management of
name could have derived from "bla" their economic activities specially in farming: when and where they will
meaning "opponent" and the suffix establish their farms.
"an" meaning "people".The basic • The Tiruray, one of the ethnic groups that live in southwestern mindanao
culture is dry cultivation of a broad area.Their name may have come from words tew, meaning people, and duray,
range of food plants including rice, referring to a small bamboo hook and a line used for fishing.Tiruray have retained
supplemented by food gathering and much of their indigenous culture despite their proximity to the dominant
hunting. Magindanao, living in the Cotabato Valley to the east.
Mindanao

MANOBO
MANGUANGAN

The Manobo tribe who are inhabitants of the The Manguangan makes up the indigenous people living in the
island of Mindanao in the Philippines are a Cordillera Sugut mountains in Mindanao. They are scattered up to
group of people speaking one of the languages
the great lakes of Buayan or Maguindanao and in the territory
that belong to the Manobo language family.
Their origins can be traced back to the early between what is occupied by the Manobo and the Mandaya in
Malay peoples who came from the surrounding Davao and South Cotabato.
islands of Southeast Asia.
UBO

TALAANDING The Ubo are a Manobo sub-tribe who inhabit the more isolated
mountains of Southwest Cotabato in the area known as Datal
The Talaandig are one of the indigenous groups Tabayong, as well as, more southerly Davao del Sur.
in the province of Bukidnon, Mindanao
Philippines who has continued to preserve and BUKIDNON
promote its indigenous customs, beliefs and
practices despite the strong influx of The Bukidnons are one of the traditionalistic ethnic groups in the
modernization and change. southern Philippines. They inhabit the northeastern part of
Mindanao, the second largest island of the archipelago.
Mindanao

Mindanao IP:

Tagakaolo: Tagakaolo Tagakaolo comes from the phrase “olo sa tubig” which means inhabitants of headwater. These places have been
the favored dwellings of the Kaolos. Their traditional territories are in Davao Del Sur and the Sarangani Province particularly in the
localities of Malalag, Lais, Talaguton Rivers, Santa Maria, Davao Occidental and Malita of Davao Occidental, and Malungon of the
Sarangani Province. The Tagakaolo tribe originally came from the western shores of the gulf of Davao and south of Mt. Apo a long time
ago. A major part of their culture is the datu who leads civic and labor duties. Each datu is the autonomous chief over an area.
Kalagan: The word kagan is derived from the word kaag, which means to inform, secure, or maintain concealment. Another term is Ka –
allagan, which means shining light in reference to the sun, because they are considered to be more sophisticated in lifestyle and society
than their neighboring tribes who reside in the Davao highlands.
Bagobo: is made up of two words: "bago," which means "new" or "recent," and "obo/obbo/uvu," which means "to grow." They have
lived for millennia near the Davao Gulf's coast.
Banwaon: The Banwaon tribe can be found in Agusan Del Sur. It is also the second largest group in the area. Their name literally means
mountain people and they subsequently inhabit the forests of Agusan Del Sur. They are traditionally nomadic but they were forced to
settle because of the onslaught of civilization.
Dibabawon: is derived from the indigenous word "dibabaw," which means "top," "point," or "victorious."The tribe has their own distinct
style of attire. "Puka" is the name of a Dibabawon outfit. The upper garment of the males is made of black cloth with crimson
embroidery. Their pants are also made of black material with red and white accents. For their skirts, the women utilize red cloth with
blue thread embellishments and embroidery, as well as patadyong.
Higaonon: The Higaonon people of North-Central Mindanao are one of the least well-known ethnolinguistic groups in the area. In the
east and west, they inhabit the mountainous parts of Misamis Oriental, the Bukidnon plateau, and the mountain boundaries of the
provinces of Agusan and Lanao, respectively. Their name is derived from higa (to live or reside), goan (mountain), and onon (wilderness)
(people).
Mindanao

CHALLENGES IN EDUCATION
• Many indigenous communities in the mindanao do not have schools. The children and their
parents also complain of the perils and high cost of travelling over hills and rivers to go to
public schools, and sometimes they experience discrimination from non-Lumad
schoolmates.One out of three indigenous children entering primary school will most likely
drop out and fail to graduate. The indigenous communities lack access to social services,
limited opportunities to engage in mainstream economy, and suffer from socio-economic and
political exclusions. It also cited the lack of access to culture-responsive basic education to the
current situation of IP learners. The low economic status of lumad contributes to the high
drop-out rates among the Lumad youth. Some cannot pursue further studies to work and
others get married at an early age. Also the Lumads experienced intensified attacks and
militarization of areas where their schools were located.
Mindanao
Subanon (also spelled Subanen or Subanun) is an indigenous group to the Zamboanga peninsula area, particularly living in
the mountainous areas of Zamboanga del Sur and Misamis Occidental, Mindanao Island, Philippines.

ECONOMY
The Subanon people speak the Subanon language.The Subanons are farmers and regularly move from one location to another
to clear more forest for fields. They cultivate crops, with rice as the most important crop, but they are also known to raise
livestock including pigs, chickens, cattle, and water buffaloes. Subanon houses are built along hillsides and ridges
overlooking family fields. The homes are usually rectangular and raised on stilts with thatched roofs.

CULTURES
Traditionally, the education among Subanen people was limited to instruction by the Timuay head to a future husband and
wife regarding love, respect and treatment of each other, parents, and in-laws. As the modernization already invaded the heart
of the tribe's territories, many of them were already highly educated. Some of them got their bachelors, masters and doctoral
in the high standard universities both local and abroad. Some of them are already working in the government.
The Subanen do not practice division of labor based on gender. Men and women work in the fields together, and men can
cook and care for the children when necessary. They have little social stratification. Everyone is equal in the Subanen
community because everyone has the same family for several years if he cannot afford to pay the shamaya. It is considered a
blessing to have more daughters than sons because the father will be able to recover the dowry he paid for his wife. There is a
general belief that all human beings should marry.
The tribe has no religion although it is believed that they had a holy book at one time. In marriage, the parents of the man
look for a woman he will marry and both sets of parents set the wedding date. Polygamy and polyandry are practiced but
separation is not allowed nor is marrying nearest relatives.
Mindanao

The Center of Discussion for Learners from Indigenous Groups.

• MINDANAO: A Promised Land that Significantly contributes to Sustainable Development

Defense
• Threats to the land and people in the world’s third deadliest country for environmental protectors
-Illegal Mining
-Paramilitary Invasion
• Indegenous Peoples and the right of Education in the Philippines: The Banwaon Experience in
Agusan Del Sur.
• Change is welcomed by the Philippine Government,which responds to the demands of Ips/ICCs
through the Department of Education(DepEd).
• Through environmental Defensive strategy and Adaptability, weave solidarity.
References

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/foundation-university/research-outputs/bukidnon-magahat-learners-plight-fa
ctors-affecting-learning-academic-performance/8600577?fbclid=IwAR0gnOpruAQJLEXDW1-nBD6T3NYGq9jbex
GTAHfC-6AwcBoNAto_uh2YEgI
https://www.academia.edu/28860428/Pananaliksik_Tungkol_sa_mga_Waray?fbclid=IwAR3WrHHFahm1s7R_8Adt
RrDhNouUhWRjJrvVSnGighAvinY9y1teNGItX0A
https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippines_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d
?fbclid=IwAR2BwrjdY6xK-rF-J7-NLkMuYQwsqH22YgrTgKmCFBnnPXQfxRtdiDNCalg
https://opinion.inquirer.net/140876/lumad-schools-and-the-right-to-education/amp?fbclid=IwAR1tM_tzszSZGMhx
QM16HYK1ClhQgl3SUCsiygc8gUQP3oLSrzJ6ZmG7oA0
http://davaotoday.com/main/human-rights/mindanao-lumad-struggle-for-empowerment-through-education-part-1-of-
4/?fbclid=IwAR0gnOpruAQJLEXDW1-nBD6T3NYGq9jbexGTAHfC-6AwcBoNAto_uh2YEgI
 Thank You for Listening
12-MGE-01
Group 5

Rebualos, Lyka
Sta Cruz, Cristina
Supremido, Judelyn
Tamayo, Danica
Valdez, Vanessa Joyce
Villaruz, Yna
Zapanta, Katlyn