Illustrating Polynomial Functions

Illustrating
Polynomial
Functions
FACT or BLUFF
Write FACT if the expression being
shown is a polynomial, otherwise write
BLUFF.
Using the polynomial function
1.How many terms are there?

2.What is the degree of the
polynomial?
3.What is the leading coefficient?
4.How about the constant term?
Illustrative examples:
a. The polynomial function (𝒙)
= 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔 has 3 terms. The
𝟑 𝟐
highest power of its terms is 3.

Therefore the degree of the
polynomial is 3. The leading
coefficient is 6 and the constant
term is 6.
b. The polynomial function 𝒚 =
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 − 4𝒙 + 𝟑 has 4 terms.
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
The polynomial function can be

written in the standard form 𝒚 =
−4𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 .The leading
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
term is −4𝑥4 , and the degree of

the polynomial is 4. The leading
coefficient is −4 and the
constant term is 3.
c. Polynomials may also be
written in factored form and as
a product of irreducible factors,
that is a factor can no longer be
factored using coefficients that
are real numbers. The
function 𝑦 = 𝑥 - 2𝑥 − 13𝑥 −
4 3 2
10𝑥 in factored form is 𝑦 = (𝑥 −

5)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) (x).
Fix and Move Them, then Fill Me Up
Direction: Consider the given polynomial functions
and fill in the table below.
Polynomial Function SF D LC CT

Fix and Move Them, then Fill Me Up
Direction: Consider the given polynomial
functions and fill in the table below.
Polynomial Function SF D LC CT

Analysis:
1. When are functions
polynomials?
2. How can we determine the
degree of a polynomial function?
3. In a polynomial function, which
is the leading coefficient?
Constant term?
Tell whether the following is a
polynomial function or not. Give the
degree and the number of terms for
polynomial functions.
Use all the numbers in the below once
as coefficients or exponents to form as may
polynomial functions of x as you can. Write
your polynomial function in standard form
1 -2 2 3
A polynomial function is a function in the form
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒏𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟐𝒙𝒏−𝟐 + ⋯+ 𝒂𝟏𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟎,
where 𝑛 is a nonnegative integer, n as a positive
integer implies that:
a. n is not negative
b. n is not zero
c. n is not a fraction
d. n is not a radical, and
e. n is not imaginary
are real numbers called coefficients, is the
leading term, is the leading coefficient, and is
the constant term.
Direction: Identify the polynomial
functions from the given set of
functions. Give your reasons.
A. Follow Up
A doll company can make a doll at a cost of P35
per doll. If the selling of the doll is 𝑥 pesos and the
number of dolls sold per month is 500 − 𝑥,
a. Express the monthly profit in pesos as a function
of 𝑥.
b. If the selling price of the doll is P85, determine
the monthly profit. Use the result in letter a.
B. Study
• The graph of a Polynomial Function
Finding x and y
intercepts of
Polynomial
Functions
Pass the Message
Group students to five. The student seated in
front will solve the given problem and will pass
the answer to his members until it reach the last
person in the group. The group that gets the
most number of correct answers wins the game.
Factor the following polynomials:

1. y = x3 + 3x2 – x – 3
2. y = x2 – x – 2
3. y = x3 + x2 – 12x
4. y = –x4 + 16
Illustrative Examples:
a. Find the intercepts of
y = x3 – x2 – 10x – 8
Solution:
To find the x-intercept/s,
y = x3 – x2 – 10x – 8
y = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x – 4) Factor completely
0 = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x – 4) Equate to zero
Then equate each factor to 0 and solve for x,
x + 1 = 0 ; x = -1 x + 2 = 0 ; x = -2
x–4=0 ; x=4
The x-intercepts are –1, –2, and 4. This means the

graph will pass through (–1, 0), (–2, 0), and (4, 0).
In finding the y-intercept, Let x = 0 in the given
polynomial. That is,
y = x3 – x2 – 10x – 8
y = 03 – 02 – 10(0) – 8
y=–8
The y-intercept is – 8. This means the graph will
b. Find the intercepts of y = x4 + 5x3 – 4x2 – 20x
Solution:
For the x-intercept(s), find x when y = 0.
Use the factored form. That is,
y = x4 + 5x3 – 4x2 – 20x
y = x(x + 5)(x + 2)(x – 2) Factor completely.
0 = x(x + 5)(x + 2)(x – 2) Equate y to 0.
Again equate each factor to zero and solve for x
x = 0 x + 5 = 0 ; x = –5
x + 2 = 0 ; x = –2 x – 2 = 0 ; x = 2
Again, finding the y-intercept
simply requires us to set x = 0 in
the given polynomial. That is,
y = x4 + 5x3 – 4x2 – 20x
y = 0 + 5(0) – 4(0) – 20(0)
4 3 2
y=0
The y-intercept is 0. This means
the graph will also pass through
(0,0).
1. In graphing polynomial
function, what is the
importance of the x- and
y- intercepts?
2. What are the steps in
finding the intercepts?
Determine the intercepts of the
graphs of the following polynomial
functions:
1. P(x) = x2 + 8x + 15
2. P(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 4x + 8
3. P(x) = x4 – 2x2 + 1
4. P(x) = (x + 2)(x + 5)(x – 3)(x – 4)
5.P(x) = x(x – )(x + 4)(x – 1)
Solving for the x- and y- intercepts is an important
step in graphing a polynomial function. These
intercepts are used to determine the points where the
graph intersects or touches the x-axis and the y-axis.
To find the x-intercept of a polynomial function:

a. Factor the polynomial completely
b. Let y be equal to zero
c. Equate each factor to zero and solve for x

To find the y-intercept:
a. Let x be equal to zero and simplify
Find the x- and y-intercepts of
the following polynomial
functions:
1. y = x + 3x – x – 3
3 2
2. y = x3 – 7x + 6
3. y = x4 – x2 + 2x3 – 2x
4. y = x – 4x + x + 6
3 2
5. y = –x(x – 2)(x – ) (x – 3)
Assignment!
1. Follow Up
–Are the Intercepts enough information
for us to graph polynomial functions?
–Are there other things we need to
consider? What are those?
2. Study:
–Behaviour of the Graph of a
Polynomial, Table of Signs, Multiplicity
Graphs of
Polynomial
Functions
Aside from the Intercepts, there
are many other things to consider
when we draw the graph of a
polynomial function. These are
some other things that we need to
take into consideration;
a. multiplicity of roots.
b. behavior of the graph
c. number of turning points
Illustrative Examples:
1. Describe the behavior of the graph of
f(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3).
a. x- and y-intercepts: x-intercepts:

−2,−1,−1,2, 3 y-intercept: 12
The graph will intersect the x-axis at
(−2,0),(−1,0),(2,0), (3,0) and the y-axis at
(0,12).
b. multiplicity
 If 𝑟 is a zero of odd multiplicity, the
graph of (𝑥) crosses the x-axis at r.
 If 𝑟 is a zero of even multiplicity, the
graph of (𝑥) is tangent to the x-axis at 𝑟.
 Since the root -1 is even multiplicity 2,
then the graph of the polynomial is
tangent to the x-axis at -1.
c. behavior of the graph:
The following characteristics of polynomial functions will give us
additional information.
The graph of a polynomial function:
i. comes down from the extreme left and goes up to the extreme
right if n is even and 𝑎𝑛 > 0

ii. comes up from the extreme left and goes up to the extreme
right if n is odd and 𝑎𝑛 > 0

iii. comes up from the extreme left and goes down to the extreme
right if n is even and 𝑎𝑛 < 0

iv. comes down from the extreme left and goes down to the
extreme right if n is odd and 𝑎𝑛 < 0
For additional help, we can summarize this in
the figure:
n is even n is odd

an>0

an<0
If the polynomial function
𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)2(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) is written in
the standard form then we have
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥5 − 𝑥4 − 9𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 20𝑥 + 12
We can easily see that this is a 5th degree
polynomial. Thus, 𝑛 is odd.
The leading term is 𝑥5, 𝑎𝑛 = 1 and 𝑎𝑛 > 0.
Therefore the graph of the polynomial
comes up from the extreme left and goes up
to the extreme right if n is odd and 𝑎𝑛 > 0
d. number of turning points:
Remember that the number of turning points in
the graph of a polynomial is strictly less than the
degree of the polynomial.
Also, we must note that;
i.Quartic Functions: have an odd number of turning
points; at most 3 turning points
ii.Quintic functions: have an even number of turning
points, at most 4 turning points
iii.The number of turning points is at most (𝑛 − 1)
For our graph to pass through the intercepts (−2,0),
(2,0), (3,0) and tangent at (−1,0), there will be 4 turning
points.
For the given polynomial function y = 𝑥5 − 𝑥4 −
9𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 20𝑥 + 12 , describe or determine the
following:

a. leading term
b. behavior of the graph
c. x-intercepts
d. multiplicity of roots
e. y-intercept
f. number of turning points
g. graph the function
Solving Problems
Involving
Polynomial
Functions
Solve the following problem:
“Lightning and Thunder”
In the Philippines, the Habagat (southwest
monsoon) occurs in May-October. It’s the wet
season and typhoon season. A thunderstorm is a
storm with lightning and thunder.
Thunder is the sound produced by lightning.
Because light travels faster than sound, during a
thunderstorm we see lightning before we hear
thunder. The farther away the storm, the more
time there will be between seeing the lightning and
hearing the thunder.
The formula describes
approximately the distance, in
kilometers, of the storm’s center if it
takes t seconds to hear thunder
after seeing lightning.
1. What kind of polynomial function

is represented by ?
2. If there was 30 seconds between
the time you saw the lightning and
when you heard the thunder,
approximately, how far away did
the lightning strike? 10 s? 60 s?
3. If a lightning strike is 800 m
away, how many seconds would
pass before you are able to hear it?
Solve the following problem:
“Counting Cricket Chirps”
The speed at which crickets (kuliglig)
chirp is based on the temperature. The
following function is a pretty good measure
of the number of chirps per minute
depending on the temperature: where
represents the temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit and represents the number of
cricket chirps per minute.
• When the value of is 60, the value of ?
Solution:
substitute t
simplify
The temperature is ___oF if the

number of chirps of a cricket is 60.

Illustrating Polynomial Functions

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Illustrating

1.How many terms are there?

highest power of its terms is 3.

The polynomial function can be

term is −4𝑥4 , and the degree of

10𝑥 in factored form is 𝑦 = (𝑥 −

Factor the following polynomials:

The x-intercepts are –1, –2, and 4. This means the

To find the x-intercept of a polynomial function:

a. x- and y-intercepts: x-intercepts:

1. What kind of polynomial function

The temperature is ___oF if the

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