MPPT - 2

Control and Design of PV-Battery Charger with
Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT)
Graduation Project-II submitted to:
Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
An–Najah National University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor degree in Electrical

Engineering
Supervised by: Dr. Moien Omar

Outlines
 Problem Statement
 Objectives
 Previous Work
 Design Considerations
 Buck converter Design
 Voltage and Current sensors
 Microcontroller Arrangement
 Results & Recommendations
•Recently, research and development of low cost solar
Problem
panels, thin-film devices, concentrator systems, and many
innovative concepts have increased.
Statement •Nowadays, the costs of small solar-power modular units

and solar-power plants are economically feasible for large-
scale production and use of solar energy.
•The energy generated from the PV module is mainly

dependent on the temperature and solar radiation.
Objectives •MPPT is used to extract the maximum power from the

PV panel in order to maximize the overall efficiency of the
system, thereby reducing the overall system cost.
•In this work, a battery charger form photovoltaic (PV)

Project solar cell with maximum power point tracking is proposed.
Work •In the first phase of the project, a mathematical model is

presented and simulated in order to understand system
operation and functions.
Previous Work
• The voltage and open circuit • The current and short circuit
voltage is not substantially current is not substantially affected
affected due to changing levels of due to changing levels of
irradiance. temperature.
• Power produced by the PV • MPP decreases with increase in

module varies greatly depending temperature.
on its irradiance.
:Assume a certain PV system with the following ratings
Vmpp = 18 V
Impp = 6 A
Vb = 12 V
MPPT Charge controller: PWM Charge controller:
P = [(Vmpp/Vb) * Impp] * Vb P = Vb * Impp

P = Vmpp * Impp P = 12 * 6
P = [(18/12) * 6] * 12 P = 72 W
P = 18 * 6
P = 108 W
PWM Charge controller MPPT Charge controller
Smaller systems Larger systems

Nominal voltage of array matches battery Mismatched nominal voltages
bank voltage
Cost of increasing PV panel less than extra Cost of increasing PV panel more than
cost of MPPT Charge controller extra cost of MPPT Charge controller
Less flexible and efficient More flexible and efficient

Design and Implementation
The microcontroller senses both the panel and battery voltages and takes
decisions to activate different components of the circuit.
After taking the measurements of voltage and current, the tracking algorithm
(Perturb and Observe) will control the operation and give orders to the
controller.
Design Considerations:
• Solar panel power is (50W).
• Input voltage “equals the solar panel with open circuit voltage” is (22V).
• Output rated voltage is (12V).
• Maximum current is (5A).
• The selected frequency is (50KHz).
• An ideal switches (on-resistance, infinite off-resistance and zero switching time)
• An ideal diodes.
Buck converter Design
• The snubber network : to filter the voltage across the inductor.
• Output capacitance : to minimize the voltage overshoot and ripple present at the output of
a buck converter.
• The MOSFET will serve its purpose as a switch.
• MOSFET driver allows a low current digital output signal from a microcontroller to drive
the gate of a MOSFET.
1. We have to provide power to the gate driver. It is give on (V cc) and its value is as per
data sheet.
2. The high frequency PWM signal from Arduino goes to (IN), the shut-down control
signal from the Arduino is connected on (SD).
3. The two output PWM signals are generated from (HI) and (LO) pins.
• The inductor to smooth the switching current and the capacitor (C2) to smooth
the output voltage.
• The MOSFET (Q1) was added to allow the system to block the battery power
from flowing back into the solar panels at night.
• (Q1) turns on when (Q2) is on from voltage through diode (D1).
•The diode (D3) is an ultra fast diode that will start conducting current before (Q3)
turns on.
• The diode (D2) and capacitor (C7) are part of circuit that generates the voltage
(Q1) and (Q2).
Voltage and Current sensors
• Arduino’s analog inputs can be used to measure DC voltage between (0 and
5V) when using the standard (5V) analog reference voltage and this range can
be decreased by using two resistors to create a voltage divider. The capacitors
(C3) and (C4) are used to remove the high frequency .
• We used a Hall Effect current sensor ACS712. The ACS712 sensor reads the
current value and convert it into a relevant voltage value.
Microcontroller Arrangement
Results & Recommendations
In the test stage of the converter, the results were as the following figures:
output signal
Output voltage ripple
Output signal at 25% duty cycle
Output signal at 50% duty cycle
In the hardware stage we faced several problems, for example:
1. Making a good inductor is not a simple task. We recommend to buy a

readymade inductor with appropriate rated current.
2. MOSFET (Q3) is burning repeatedly. We added a pull down resistors at (SD)

pin and (IN) pin of MOSFET driver and we added a diode in place of low side
MOSFET. Also, we tried to modify the existing software but we do not find
any satisfactory results.
3. MOSFET (Q1) conducts even when there is no input.
4. Faulty components, shipping delays and difficulty when translating the

designed schematics to the physical board.
5. Because of the burning of some electronic parts, the costs have increased and
this project become beyond our financial capabilities as students.
• The design portion of the major qualifying project was successfully
completed. A design for a maximum peak power tracker has been
successfully obtained, a functional working prototype was reached. However,
our analysis of the algorithm and understanding of the different functions
shows that by (ADC) of the voltages and current and (PWM) of the buck
converter, we will be able to attain the MPP implement in the future with
some modifications.
• Eliminate the noise associated with the circuit. There was no significant
work in minimizing the noise in the circuit while attempting to implement a
working circuit both quickly and efficiently.
• It would be helpful to perform tests using actual solar panels. It would be

useful to perform tests both indoor and outdoor to observe both controlled
and actual results for operation.

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Control and Design of PV-Battery Charger with

Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT)

Graduation Project-II submitted to:

Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology

An–Najah National University

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor degree in Electrical

Supervised by: Dr. Moien Omar

Statement •Nowadays, the costs of small solar-power modular units

•The energy generated from the PV module is mainly

Objectives •MPPT is used to extract the maximum power from the

•In this work, a battery charger form photovoltaic (PV)

Work •In the first phase of the project, a mathematical model is

• Power produced by the PV • MPP decreases with increase in

MPPT Charge controller: PWM Charge controller:

P = [(Vmpp/Vb) * Impp] * Vb P = Vb * Impp

Smaller systems Larger systems

Less flexible and efficient More flexible and efficient

• Output rated voltage is (12V).

• Maximum current is (5A).

• The selected frequency is (50KHz).

• An ideal switches (on-resistance, infinite off-resistance and zero switching time)

• The MOSFET will serve its purpose as a switch.

• (Q1) turns on when (Q2) is on from voltage through diode (D1).

1. Making a good inductor is not a simple task. We recommend to buy a

2. MOSFET (Q3) is burning repeatedly. We added a pull down resistors at (SD)

3. MOSFET (Q1) conducts even when there is no input.

4. Faulty components, shipping delays and difficulty when translating the

• It would be helpful to perform tests using actual solar panels. It would be

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