Digital To Analog

Analog Transmission
KEYWORDS
• Digital
• Analog
• ASK
• FSK
• PSK
• Bandwidth
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of

changing one of the characteristics of an analog
signal based on the information in digital data.
Topics
Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Amplitude Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Digital to Analog Conversion
 Digital data needs to be carried on an
analog signal.
 A carrier signal (frequency fc) performs the
function of transporting the digital data in
an analog waveform.
 The analog carrier signal is manipulated to
uniquely identify the digital data being
carried.
Figure 5.1 Digital-to-analog
conversion
Figure 5.2 Types of digital-to-analog
conversion
Bit rate, N, is the number of bits per
second (bps). Baud rate is the number
of signal
elements per second (bauds).
In the analog transmission of digital
data, the signal or baud rate is less than
or equal to the bit rate.
S=Nx1/r bauds
Where r is the number of data bits per
signal element.
Example 5.1
An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If

1000 signal elements are sent per second, find the bit
rate.
Solution
In this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is
unknown. We can find the value of N from
Example 5.2
An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud

rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are
carried by each signal element? How many signal
elements do we need?
Solution
In this example, S = 1000, N = 8000, and r and
L unknown. We find first th valu of r and
are e e
then the value of L.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 ASK is implemented by changing the amplitude of
a carrier signal to reflect amplitude levels in the
digital signal.
 For example: a digital “1” could not affect the
signal, whereas a digital “0” would, by making it
zero.
 The line encoding will determine the values of the
analog waveform to reflect the digital data being
carried.
Bandwidth of ASK
 The bandwidth B of ASK is proportional

to the signal rate S.
B = (1+d)S
 “d” is due to modulation and filtering,
lies between 0 and 1.

Figure Binary amplitude shift
keying
• The Baud rate refers to the total number of signal units transmitted in one
second. The Bit rate refers to the total Bits transmitted in one unit time.
• Baud rate indicates the total number of times the overall state of a given signal
changes/ alters. Bit rate indicates the total bits that travel per second.
Frequency Shift Keying
 The digital data stream changes the frequency of

the carrier signal, fc.
 For example, a “1” could be represented by f 1=fc +f,
and a “0” could be represented by f2=fc-f.
Figure 5.6 Binary frequency shift
keying
Bandwidth of FSK
 If the difference between the two

frequencies (f1 and f2) is 2f, then
the required BW B will be:
B = (1+d)xS +2f
Example 5.5
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans

from 200 to 300 kHz. What should be the carrier
frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by
using FSK with d = 1?
Solution
This problem is similar to Example 5.3, but we
are modulating by using FSK. The midpoint of
the band is at 250 kHz. We choose 2Δf to be 50
kHz; this means
Phase Shift Keyeing
 We vary the phase shift of the carrier signal

to represent digital data.
 The bandwidth requirement, B is: B =
(1+d)xS
 PSK is much more robust than ASK as it is
not that vulnerable to noise, which changes
amplitude of the signal.
Figure 5.9 Binary phase shift
keying
Quadrature PSK
 To increase the bit rate, we can code 2 or more bits onto one
signal element.
 In QPSK, we parallelize the bit stream so that every two

incoming bits are split up and PSK a carrier frequency. One
carrier frequency is phase shifted 90o from the other - in
quadrature.
 The two PSKed signals are then added to produce one of 4

signal elements. L = 4 here.
Figure 5.11 QPSK and its
implementation
Note
Quadrature amplitude modulation is a

combination of ASK and PSK.
Questions/Answer
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Analog Transmission

Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of

An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If

An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud

 The bandwidth B of ASK is proportional

lies between 0 and 1.

 The digital data stream changes the frequency of

 If the difference between the two

We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans

 We vary the phase shift of the carrier signal

 In QPSK, we parallelize the bit stream so that every two

 The two PSKed signals are then added to produce one of 4

Quadrature amplitude modulation is a

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