Unit - I
Unit - I
Unit - I
NURSING AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
UNIT – I
INTRODUCTION
N = Noble ,Nurture
U = Understanding, Usefulness
R = Responsible, Resourceful, Righteousness
S = Simple, Sympathy, Sincere
E = Efficient, Educated
NURSE
DEFINITION
• The nurse is a person who has completed a program of basic,
generalized nursing education and is authorized by the
appropriate regulatory authority to practice nursing in his/her
country. The nurse is prepared and authorized
(1) to engage in the general scope of nursing practice, including the
promotion of health, prevention of illness, and care of physically ill,
mentally ill, and disabled people of all ages and in all health care and
other community settings;
(2) to carry out health care teaching;
(3) to participate fully as a member of the health care team;
(4) to supervise and train nursing and health care auxiliaries; and (5)
to be involved in research.
(ICN, 1987)
DEFINITION OF NURSING
• Nursing encompasses autonomous and
collaborative care of individuals of all ages,
families, groups and communities, sick or
well and in all settings. Nursing includes the
promotion of health, prevention of illness,
and the care of ill, disabled and dying
people, Advocacy, promotion of a safe
environment, research, participation in
shaping health policy and in patient and
health systems management, and education
are also key nursing roles. (ICN, 2002)
DEFINITION OF NURSING
• Nursing is the protection, promotion, and
optimization of health and abilities, prevention
of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering
through the diagnosis and treatment of human
response, and advocacy in the care of
individuals, families, communities, and
populations (ANA, 2010).
• Nursing is an act of utilizing the environment of
the patient to assist him in his recovery
(Florence Nightingale 1859 )
DEFINITION OF NURSING
• "The unique function of the nurse is to assist
the individual, sick or well, in the performance
of those activities contributing to health or its
recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary
strength, will or knowledge And to do this in
such a way as to help him gain independence
as rapidly as possible" (Virginia Henderson
1966)
DEFINITION OF NURSING
• Nursing consists of autonomous and
collaborative care of individuals of all
ages, families, groups and communities,
sick or well and in all settings. It includes
the promotion of health, the prevention
of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and
dying people. (-World
Health Organization “WHO”)
GOALS OF NURSING
GOALS OF NURSING
3. To Restore health
Health can be restored by Performing health assessment to detect illness as early ,
Providing direct care to the ill person, such as administering medication etc,
Performing diagnostic and assessments that detect an illness e.g., Blood sugar ,
Bp
Referring the client with abnormal findings to the other health care providers as
appropriate.
Collaboration with other health care providers in providing care.
Rehabilitating clients to their optimal functional level following physical or
mental illness, injury.
GOALS OF NURSING
Profession Occupation
Education through colleges or On the job training
universities
Prolonged education Length varies
Mental creativity Largely manual work
Values, beliefs & ethics integral part Values, beliefs & ethics not a part of
of preparation preparation
Knowledgeable
• Nurses must possess extensive knowledge to care effectively for
their patients. For example, they must have an in-depth
understanding of subjects such as human anatomy, microbiology
and pathophysiology. In addition, they must have the skills to
apply healthcare theories in real-life situations. In order
to become a registered nurse, they will have earned a degree
through a program that imparted this knowledge and let them
practice implementing it. Therefore, successful nurses are well-
rounded and educated in their practice.
COMPETENCIES OF A
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
Willingness to Learn
• With technological improvements and breakthrough studies in the healthcare
industry (and healthcare workers) must prove to be successfully adaptive to
provide the highest quality patient care possible. Nurses spend more bedside
time with patients than any other role in healthcare and their willingness to
learn and put new knowledge into practice is one of the leading traits of a good
nurse.
• Improvements in education approaches (e.g., multidisciplinary training,
personalized learning, etc.) can help foster successful learning environments, but
a good nurse must possess a natural willingness to learn for them to be truly
beneficial. This important skill applies to nurses of all ages, throughout every
stage of their career, from recent graduates to the highly experienced.
COMPETENCIES OF A
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
Empathy
• This is the most basic quality a nurse needs to possess. You cant take care of
the patient until you realize their suffering and pain. Having empathy toward
the patient makes them trust the nurse. Providing good quality is
not possible if you are not having compassion or concern toward the patient.
Compassionate
• One of the most important qualities of a good nurse is compassion. In their
career, nurses will see patients suffer. Beyond simply offering a solution, they
must be able to express compassion for patients and their families. This
allows them to form meaningful relationships with their patients.
COMPETENCIES OF A
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
Communication Skill
Attentive
The duty of nurses demands attention to details, they need to know the timing to
give medicine to the patient or to performs any other activity as per the time
scheduled.
COMPETENCIES OF A
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
Interpersonal Skills
Becoming a good nurse is only possible if you have excellent interpersonal skills,
and you are ready to tackle all kind of situation which rises during caring of patient.
Nurses are the link between doctors and patients. A great nurse has excellent
interpersonal skills and works well in a variety of situations with different people.
They work well with other nurses, doctors, and other members of the staff. Nurses
are the glue that holds the hospital together.
Problem Solving Skills
Problem solving skills are essential to nursing, as nurses generally have the most
one-on-one time with patients and are often responsible for much of the decision-
making related to their care. Even seemingly small decisions can have major impacts
and cause adverse patient outcomes if incorrectly made.
COMPETENCIES OF A
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
Critical Thinking Skill
Strong critical thinking skills are necessary to put together pieces of information
that may seem unrelated (such as medications for different conditions) and draw
rational conclusions. Nurses may have to think quickly under pressure to
troubleshoot patient needs. Those who work in triage are especially good at
critical thinking. They must interpret diagnostic data to determine the next course
of action in life-or-death situations.
Leadership
A quality of a good nurse that will become more and more valuable in the growing
nursing field is the ability to successfully lead.
COMPETENCIES OF A
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
Time Management
Balancing multiple patients, stressful care settings, and competing priorities is no small
feat during a 12-hour shift. Having the ability to implement effective time management
is a key personality trait for nursing, as is being able to concentrate on the most critical
issues first, which isn’t necessarily the patient/family that’s demanding the most. Setting
time aside for selfcare is also a crucial component to time management.
Physical Endurance
Frequent physical tasks, standing for long periods of time, lifting heavy objects (or people),
and performing a number of taxing maneuvers on a daily basis are staples of nursing life.
It’s definitely not a desk job. Always on the go, a great nurse maintains her energy
throughout her shift, whether she’s in a surgery or checking in on a patient. Staying strong,
eating right, and having a healthy lifestyle outside of nursing is important too!
COMPETENCIES OF A
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
Quick Response
Nurses need to be ready to respond quickly to emergencies and other situations that
arise. Quite often, health care work is simply the response to sudden incidences, and
nurses must always be prepared for the unexpected. Staying on their feet, keeping
their head cool in a crisis, and a calm attitude are great qualities in a nurse.
Collaboration and cooperation
• Nurses works cooperatively with health team members is an effort to give good
nursing care even when there is conflict or misunderstanding.
• Coordinate effectively with other health professionals in the health sector in
relation to hospital discharge planning or referral and facilitating patients’ access
to other services.
QUALITIES OF A NURSE
Acronym- Qualities
Q – Qualified, Quietness
U – Understanding
A – Alertness
L – Loyalty , Listener
I - Intelligent , Independent
T – Technical competence
I – Integrity , Impartial
E – Empathy
S – Sympathy, Self confidence
CURRENT ISSUES
IN NURSING
CURRENT ISSUES IN NURSING
Shortage of Nurses
Changing Education
Lack of Professional Assertiveness
Lack of effective Nurse leader and manager
Lack of Nursing Autonomy
Poor working Condition
In adequate Inservice Education
CURRENT ISSUES IN NURSING
SHORTAGE OF NURSES
1. Autonomy
• Autonomy can be defined as „ self-rule with no control, undue
influence or interference from other”.
• Refers to make one’s own decision.
• Nurses recognize the individual’s uniqueness.
• It is about respecting other people’s wishes and supporting them
in their decisions.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN NURSING
PRACTICE
2. Beneficence
• Beneficence is doing or promoting good.
The principle of beneficence has three components:
Promote good
Prevent harm
Remove evil or harm
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN NURSING
PRACTICE
4. Justice
Justice is fair, equitable and appropriate treatment. It is the basis
for the obligation to treat all clients in an equal and fair way
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN NURSING
PRACTICE
5. Veracity
•Veracity means telling the truth, which is essential to the integrity
of the client-provider relationship
• Health care providers obliged to be honest with clients
• The right to self-determination becomes meaningless if the client
does not receive accurate,Unbiased, and understandable
information
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN NURSING
PRACTICE
6. Fidelity
Fidelity means being faithful to one's commitments and promises.
Nurses’ commitments to clients include providing safe care and maintaining competence
in nursing practice.
Nurse must use good judgment when making promises to client.
Fidelity is about
• Being Faithful , keeping promises
• always doing what is right
• being trust worthy , Confidential
• Showing respect and dignity
• respecting autonomy
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN NURSING
PRACTICE
7. Confidentiality
• Confidential or in confidence is “a secret or private matter not to
be divulged to others”
• It refers to the rights of clients for protection of privacy without
diminishing access to quality care.
• It is important for trusting relationship.
• Nurses will not share information about the client unless it is
agreement from the client or required by the law.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN NURSING
PRACTICE
7. Confidentiality
• Confidential or in confidence is “a secret or private matter not to
be divulged to others”
• It refers to the rights of clients for protection of privacy without
diminishing access to quality care.
• It is important for trusting relationship.
• Nurses will not share information about the client unless it is
agreement from the client or required by the law.
ETHICAL RIGHTS OF PATIENT
RIGHTS OF
PERSONAL
RIGHTS TO DIGNITY
CONFIDENTIALITY
ETHICAL RIGHTS TO
INFORMED
RIGHTS OF
CONSENT
PATIENT
RIGHTS TO RIGHT TO
INDIVIDUALIZED REFUSE
CARE TREATMENT
ICN CODE OF ETHICS
Nurses and
patients or
other people
requiring Nurses and
care or practice
services
ICN
OF
CODE
Nurses and patients or other people
requiring care or services
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Nurses and patients or other people
requiring care or services
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Nurses and patients or other people
requiring care or services
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Nurses and practice
ICN
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Nurses and practice
2.4 Nurses maintain standards of personal conduct at all times.
They reflect well on the profession and enhance its image and
public confidence. In their professional role, nurses recognise and
maintain personal relationship boundaries.
2.5 Nurses share their knowledge and expertise and provide
feedback, mentoring and supporting the professional development
of student nurses, novice nurses, colleagues and other health care
providers.
2.6 Nurses are patient advocates, and they maintain a practice
culture that promotes ethical behaviour and open dialogue.
ETHICS
ICN
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CODE
Nurses and practice
ICN
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Nurses and practice
ICN
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Nurses and the profession
ICN
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Nurses and the profession
ICN
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Nurses and global health
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Nurses and global health
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Nurses and global health