Ch-25 Measurement of Lines - Surfaces
Ch-25 Measurement of Lines - Surfaces
Ch-25 Measurement of Lines - Surfaces
By S K Mondal
Linear measurements
Some of the instruments used for the linear
measurements are:
Rules (Scale)
Vernier
Micrometer (Most widely used, Working Standard)
Height gauge
Bore gauge
Dial indicator
Slip gauges or gauge blocks (Most accurate, End
Standard)
Vernier Caliper
A vernier scale is an auxiliary scale that slides along the
main scale.
The vernier scale is that a certain number n of divisions on
the vernier scale is equal in length to a different number
(usually one less) of main-scale divisions.
nV = (n −1)S
where n = number of divisions on the vernier scale
V = The length of one division on the vernier scale
and S = Length of the smallest main-scale division
Least count is applied to the smallest value that can be read
directly by use of a vernier scale.
Least count = S − V = 1 S
n
Vernier Caliper
Metric Micrometer
A micrometer allows a measurement of the size of a
Method of Measurement
Step-I: Find the whole number of mm in the barrel
Step-I: Find the reading of barrel and multiply by 0.01
Step-III: Add the value in Step-I and Step-II
Micrometer
ISRO-2009, 2011
In a simple micrometer with screw pitch 0.5
mm and divisions on thimble 50, the reading
corresponding to 5 divisions on barrel and 12
divisions on thimble is
(a) 2.620 mm (b) 2.512 mm
(c) 2.120 mm (d) 5.012 mm
Bore Gauge: used for measuring bores of different
sizes ranging from small-to-large sizes.
Provided with various extension arms that can be
added for different sizes.
Dial indicator: Converts a linear
displacement into a radial
movement to measure over a
small range of movement for the
plunger.
The typical least count that can
be obtained with suitable gearing
dial indicators is 0.01 mm to 0.001
mm.
It is possible to use the dial
indicator as a comparator by
mounting it on a stand at any
suitable height. Principle of a dial indicator
Applications of dial indicator include:
centering workpices to machine tool spindles
checking dimensions
GATE – 2008 S-1
A displacement sensor (a dial indicator) measures the
lateral displacement of a mandrel mounted on the taper
hole inside a drill spindle. The mandrel axis is an
extension of the drill spindle taper hole axis and the
protruding portion of the mandrel surface is perfectly
cylindrical. Measurements are taken with the sensor
placed at two positions P and Q as shown in the figure.
The readings are recorded as Rx = maximum deflection
minus minimum deflection, corresponding to sensor
position at X, over one rotation.
GATE – 2008 contd… from S-2
If Rp= RQ>0, which one of the following
would be consistent with the observation?
(A) The drill spindle rotational axis is
coincident with the drill spindle taper
hole axis
(B) The drill spindle rotational axis
intersects the drill spindle taper hole axis
at point P
(C) The drill spindle rotational axis is
parallel to the drill spindle taper hole axis
(D) The drill spindle rotational axis
intersects the drill spindle taper hole axis
at point Q
Slip Gauges or Gauge blocks
These are small blocks of alloy steel.
Used in the manufacturing shops as length standards.
Not to be used for regular and continuous
measurement.
Rectangular blocks with thickness representing the
dimension of the block. The cross-section of the block
is usually 32 mm x 9 mm.
Are hardened and finished to size. The measuring
surfaces of the gauge blocks are finished to a very high
degree of finish, flatness and accuracy.
Come in sets with different number of pieces in a
given set to suit the requirements of measurements.
A typical set consisting of 88 pieces for metric units is
shown in.
To build any given dimension, it is necessary to
identify a set of blocks, which are to be put together.
Number of blocks used should always be the smallest.
Generally the top and bottom Slip Gauges in the pile
are 2 mm wear gauges. This is so that they will be the
only ones that will wear down, and it is much cheaper
to replace two gauges than a whole set.
To make up a Slip Gauge pile to 41.125 mm
A Slip Gauge pile is set up with the use of simple
maths.
Decide what height you want to set up, in this case
41.125mm.
Take away the thickness of the two wear gauges,
the scales
The input pressure is regulated to allow
magnification adjustment
Pneumatic Comparators
IFS-2015
Define a comparator.
Sine bar
Bevel Protractor
Is part of the machinist's combination square.
can be used.
Basically a sine bar is a bar of known length. When gauge blocks
are placed under one end, the sine bar will tilt to a specific angle.
Knowing the height differential of the two rollers in alignment
with the workpiece ,the angle can be calculated using the sine
formula.
A sine bar is specified by the distance between the centre of the
two rollers, i.e. 100 mm, 200 mm, & 300 mm. the various part of
sine bar are hardened before grinding & lapping.
H
s in
L
GATE -2012 (PI)
A sine bar has a length of 250 mm. Each roller has
a diameter of 20 mm. During taper angle
measurement of a component, the height from the
surface plate to the centre of a roller is 100 mm.
The calculated taper angle (in degrees) is
(a) 21.1 (b) 22.8 (c) 23.6 (d) 68.9
Thread Measurements
Threads are normally specified by the major diameter.
Though there are a large variety of threads used in
engineering, the most common thread encountered is
the metric V-thread shown in Fig.
The parameters that are normally measured are:
Major diameter
Micrometer
Pitch diameter
Floating Carriage micrometer
Wire method (Three wire and two wire)
Pitch
Screw pitch gauge
Pitch measuring machine
Thread form
Optical projector
Three-Wire Method
Three wires of equal diameter placed in thread, two
wires (M)
Different sizes and pitches of threads require
L
1 1
Ra y ( x) dx
L0 N
y i
GATE-2016 (PI)
The roughness profile of a surface is depicted below.
To give the human tester a reference for what they are
(a) 2 (b) 6
(c) 8 (d) 13
GATE – 2011 (PI)
Observation of a slip gauge on a flatness
interferometer produced fringe counts numbering
10 and 14 for two readings. The second reading is
taken by rotating the set-up by 180o. Assume that
both faces of the slip gauge are flat and the
wavelength of the radiation is 0.5086 µm. The
parallelism error (in µm) between the two faces of
the slip gauge is
(a) 0.2543 (b) 1.172
(c) 0.5086 (d) 0.1272
Talysurf
It is based upon measuring the generated noise due to
dry friction of a metallic blade which travels over the
surface under consideration.
If the frictional force is made small enough to excite
the blade, and not the entire system, then the noise
will be proportional to surface roughness, and
independent of the measured specimen size and
material.
The specimen surface roughness was measured by a
widely used commercial instrument (Talysurf 10), and
the prototype transducer.
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Ans. (d)