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    Underground Cables

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    Mizanur Rahman
    Underground cables have several advantages over overhead lines such as not being affected by weather and reducing accidents. However, they are more expensive to install and maintain than overhead lines. Cables are classified based on their voltage rating and can consist of conducting cores, insulation, a metallic sheath, bedding, armouring, and serving. The insulation must have high insulation resistance, dielectric strength, and withstand mechanical stresses. Common insulation materials include rubber, polyethylene, and PVC. Cables are designed to have a uniform electric field gradient through techniques like capacitance grading using different dielectric layers and intersheath grading using metallic layers between the core and sheath.

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    Underground Cables

    Uploaded by

    Mizanur Rahman
    26 views23 pages
    Underground cables have several advantages over overhead lines such as not being affected by weather and reducing accidents. However, they are more expensive to install and maintain than overhead lines. Cables are classified based on their voltage rating and can consist of conducting cores, insulation, a metallic sheath, bedding, armouring, and serving. The insulation must have high insulation resistance, dielectric strength, and withstand mechanical stresses. Common insulation materials include rubber, polyethylene, and PVC. Cables are designed to have a uniform electric field gradient through techniques like capacitance grading using different dielectric layers and intersheath grading using metallic layers between the core and sheath.

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    Underground cables have several advantages over overhead lines such as not being affected by weather and reducing accidents. However, they are more expensive to install and maintain than overhead lines. Cables are classified based on their voltage rating and can consist of conducting cores, insulation, a metallic sheath, bedding, armouring, and serving. The insulation must have high insulation resistance, dielectric strength, and withstand mechanical stresses. Common insulation materials include rubber, polyethylene, and PVC. Cables are designed to have a uniform electric field gradient through techniques like capacitance grading using different dielectric layers and intersheath grading using metallic layers between the core and sheath.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    26 views23 pages

    Underground Cables

    Uploaded by

    Mizanur Rahman
    Underground cables have several advantages over overhead lines such as not being affected by weather and reducing accidents. However, they are more expensive to install and maintain than overhead lines. Cables are classified based on their voltage rating and can consist of conducting cores, insulation, a metallic sheath, bedding, armouring, and serving. The insulation must have high insulation resistance, dielectric strength, and withstand mechanical stresses. Common insulation materials include rubber, polyethylene, and PVC. Cables are designed to have a uniform electric field gradient through techniques like capacitance grading using different dielectric layers and intersheath grading using metallic layers between the core and sheath.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 23

    UNDERGROUND CABLES

    EETE-327 [email protected]

    References:
    Principles of Power System
    V.K.Mehta
    INTRODUCTION

    • Electric power can be transmitted or distributed either by overhead system or by underground cables
    • The chief use of underground cables for many years has been for distribution of electric power in
    congested urban areas at comparatively low or moderate voltages
    • However, recent improvements in the design and manufacture have led to the development of cables
    suitable for use at high voltages
    • This has made it possible to employ underground cables for transmission of electric power for short or
    moderate distances

    • An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable
    insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover.
    COMPARISON BETWEEN UNDERGROUND CABLES AND OVERHEAD LINES

    Advantages of underground cables as compared to overhead lines


    • Lightning or thunderstorms, birds and other several weather conditions do not cause the supply
    interruption in cable transmission or distribution
    • It reduces accidents caused by breaking the conductor
    • Its use doesn’t spoil the beauty of cities

    Disadvantages of underground cables as compared to overhead lines


    • It is more expensive than overhead line
    • Its maintenance is difficult
    • There will be operating problems in AC long cable transmission line
    CLASSIFICATION OF CABLES

    (i) Low-tension (L.T.) cables — upto 1 kV


    (ii) High-tension (H.T.) cables — upto 11 kV
    (iii)Super-tension (S.T.) cables — from 22 kV to 33 kV
    (iv) Extra high-tension (E.H.T.) cables — from 33 kV to 66 kV
    (v) Extra super voltage cables — beyond 132 kV
    CONSTRUCTION OF CABLES

    Figure 1 shows the general construction of a 3-conductor cable. The various parts are :
    (i) Cores or Conductors
    A cable may have one or more than one core (conductor) depending upon the type of service for which it is intended. For
    instance, the 3-conductor cable shown in Figure 1 is used for 3-phase service. The conductors are made of tinned copper
    or aluminium and are usually stranded in order to provide flexibility to the cable.
    (ii) Insulation
    Each core or conductor is provided with a suitable thickness of insulation, the thickness of layer depending upon the
    voltage to be withstood by the cable. The commonly used materials for insulation are impregnated paper, varnished
    cambric or rubber mineral compound.

    Figure 1
    CONSTRUCTION OF CABLES

    (iii) Metallic sheath


    In order to protect the cable from moisture, gases or other damaging liquids (acids or alkalis) in the soil and atmosphere,
    a metallic sheath of lead or aluminium is provided over the insulation as shown in Figure 1.
    (iv) Bedding
    Over the metallic sheath is applied a layer of bedding which consists of a fibrous material like jute or hessian tape. The
    purpose of bedding is to protect the metallic sheath against corrosion and from mechanical injury due to armouring.
    (v) Armouring
    Over the bedding, armouring is provided which consists of one or two layers of galvanized steel wire or steel tape. Its
    purpose is to protect the cable from mechanical injury while laying it and during the course of handling. Armouring may
    not be done in the case of some cables
    (vi) Serving In order to protect armouring from atmospheric conditions, a layer of fibrous material (like jute) similar to
    bedding is provided over the armouring. This is known as serving.
    CABLE INSULATION

    The insulating materials used in cables should have the following properties :

    (i) High insulation resistance to avoid leakage current.


    (ii) High dielectric strength to avoid electrical breakdown of the cable.
    (iii) High mechanical strength to withstand the mechanical handling of cables.
    (iv) Non-hygroscopic i.e., it should not absorb moisture from air or soil. The moisture tends to decrease the insulation
    resistance and hastens the breakdown of the cable. In case the insulating material is hygroscopic, it must be enclosed
    in a waterproof covering like lead sheath.
    (v) Non-inflammable.
    (vi) Low cost so as to make the underground system a viable proposition.
    (vii)Unaffected by acids and alkalis to avoid any chemical action
    TYPES OF INSULATION MATERIALS

    • Rubber
    • Polyethylene
    • Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
    • Fibrous material such as paper, jute etc.
    CAPACITANCE OF A SINGLE CORE CABLE
    MATH 11.4
    DIELECTRIC STRESS IN A CABLE
    Under operating conditions, the insulation of a cable is subjected to electrostatic forces. This is known as dielectric
    stress. The dielectric stress at any point in a cable is in fact the potential gradient at that point.
    Consider a single core cable with core diameter d and internal sheath diameter D. The electric intensity at a point x
    meters from the center of the cable is
    DIELECTRIC STRESS IN A CABLE
    MOST ECONOMICAL SIZE IN A CABLE
    MOST ECONOMICAL SIZE IN A CABLE
    GRADING OF CABLES

    The process of achieving uniform electrostatic stress in the dielectric of cables is known as grading of cables.
    The unequal stress distribution in a cable is undesirable for two reasons.
    Firstly, insulation of greater thickness is required which increases the cable size.
    Secondly, it may lead to the breakdown of insulation.
    In order to overcome above disadvantages, it is necessary to have a uniform stress distribution in cables. This can be
    achieved by distributing the stress in such a way that its value is increased in the outer layers of dielectric. This is
    known as grading of cables. The following are the two main methods of grading of cables:
    (i) Capacitance grading
    (ii) Intersheath grading
    CAPACITANCE GRADING

    The process of achieving uniformity in the dielectric stress by using layers of different dielectrics is known as
    capacitance grading.
    CAPACITANCE GRADING
    INTERSHEATH GRADING

    In this method of cable grading, a homogeneous dielectric is used, but it is divided into
    various layers by placing metallic intersheaths between the core and lead sheath. The
    intersheaths are held at suitable potentials which are in between the core potential and
    earth potential. This arrangement improves voltage distribution in the dielectric of the
    cable and consequently more uniform potential gradient is obtained.
    INTERSHEATH GRADING
    MATH 11.12
    MATH 11.12
    MATH 11.15
    MATH 11.15

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