T-Test and Z-Test

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t Test for a Mean

z Test for a Proportion


AIZA P. OCBIAN
Discussant
t Test for a Mean
What is t test?
The t distribution is similar to the standard normal
distribution in the following ways.

 1. It is bell-shaped.
 2. It is symmetric about the mean.
 3. The mean, median, and mode are equal to 0 and
are located at the center of the distribution.
 4. The curve approaches but never touches the x
axis.
The t distribution differs from the standard normal
distribution in the following ways.

 1. The variance is greater than 1.


 2. The t distribution is a family of curves based on the
degrees of freedom, which is a number related to sample
size. (Recall that the symbol for degrees of freedom is d.f.
 3. As the sample size increases, the t distribution
approaches the normal distribution. The t test is defined
next.
EXAMPLE 1

 Find the critical t value for α = 0.05 with d.f. = 16 for a


right-tailed t test. (The critical values for the t test are
given in Table F in Appendix A.)

SOLUTION
Find the 0.05 column in the top row labeled One tail and 16
in the left-hand column.
Where the row and column meet, the appropriate critical
value is found; it is +1.746. (See figure 1.1)
Table F
figure 1.1

Critical Values
EXAMPLE 2
 Find the critical t value for α = 0.01 with
d.f. = 24 for a left-tailed t test.

SOLUTION
Find the critical value in the 0.01 column in the row
labeled One tail, and find 24 in the
left column (d.f.). The critical value is −2.492 since
the test is left-tailed.
EXAMPLE 3

 Find the critical values for α = 0.10 with


d.f. = 18 for a two-tailed t test.

SOLUTION
Find the 0.10 column in the row labeled Two tails,
and find 18 in the column labeled
d.f. The critical values are +1.734 and −1.734.
When you test hypotheses by using the t test (traditional method),
follow the same procedure as for the z test, except use Table F.

 Step 1 State the hypotheses and identify the claim.


 Step 2 Find the critical value(s) from Table F.
 Step 3 Compute the test value.
 Step 4 Make the decision to reject or not reject the null
hypothesis.
 Step 5 Summarize the results.

Remember that the t test should be used when the population is


approximately normally distributed and the population standard
deviation is unknown.
EXAMPLE 1: Hospital Infections
SOLUTION
 A medical investigation claims
that the average number of
infections per week at a hospital
in southwestern Pennsylvania is
16.3. A random sample of 10
weeks had a mean number of
17.7 infections. The sample
standard deviation is 1.8. Is
there enough evidence to reject
the investigator’s claim at α =
0.05? Assume the variable is
normally distributed.
EXAMPLE 2: Aspirin Consumption
SOLUTION
 Medical researchers found that
people who take aspirin take on
average 8.6 tablets a week. A medical
doctor wanted to see if he could
reduce the number of aspirin tablets a
person consumes if the subjects
practiced yoga twice a week. A
random sample of 12 people who
take aspirin were taught yoga, and
after a 12-week period the doctor
found that they took the following
number of tablets for one week: 7 4 6
8 9 9 5 6 2 7 10 9Test the claim at α
= 0.10. Assume the variable is
normally distributed.
 The P-values for the t test can be found by using
Table F; however, specific P-values for t tests
cannot be obtained from the table since only
selected values of α (for example, 0.01, 0.05) are
given.
 To find specific P-values for t tests, you would need
a table similar to Table E for each degree of
freedom. Since this is not practical, only intervals
can be found for P-values.
The following examples show how to use Table F to
determine intervals for P-values for the t test.
EXAMPLE 1

 Find the P-value when the t test value is 2.056, the sample
size is 11, and the test is right-tailed.

SOLUTION
To get the P-value, look across the row with 10 degrees of freedom (d.f. =
n − 1) in Table F and find the two values that 2.056 falls between. They are
1.812 and 2.228. Since this is a right-tailed test, look up to the row labeled
One tail, α and find the two α values corresponding to 1.812 and 2.228.
They are 0.05 and 0.025, respectively. (See figure 1.2)
figure 1.2 Hence, the P-value would be
contained in the interval 0.025 <
P-value < 0.05. This
means that the P-value is
between 0.025 and 0.05. If α
were 0.05, you would reject
the null hypothesis since the P-
value is less than 0.05. But if α
were 0.01, you would not reject
the null hypothesis since the P-
value is greater than 0.01.
(Actually, it is greater than
0.025.)
EXAMPLE 2

 Find the P-value when the t test value is 2.983, the sample
size is 6, and the test is two-tailed.

SOLUTION
To get the P-value, look across the row with d.f. = 5 in Table F and
find the two values that 2.983 falls between. They are 2.571 and 3.365.
Then look up the row labeled Two tails, α to find the corresponding α
values.
In this case, they are 0.05 and 0.02. Hence, the P-value is contained in
the interval 0.02 < P-value < 0.05. This means that the P-value is between
0.02 and 0.05. In this case, if α = 0.05, the null hypothesis can be rejected
since P-value < 0.05; but if α = 0.01, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected
since P-value > 0.01 (actually P-value > 0.02)
To test hypotheses using the P-value method, follow the
same steps as explained in previous slide. Those steps are
repeated here.

 Step 1 State the hypotheses and identify the claim.


 Step 2 Compute the test value.
 Step 3 Find the P-value.
 Step 4 Make the decision.
 Step 5 Summarize the results.
EXAMPLE 1: Jogger’s Oxygen Uptake
SOLUTION
 A physician claims that joggers’
maximal volume oxygen uptake
is greater than the average of all
adults. A random sample of 15
joggers has a mean of 40.6
milliliters per kilogram (ml/kg)
and a standard deviation of 6
ml/kg. If the average of all
adults is 36.7 ml/kg, is there
enough evidence to support the
physician’s claim at α = 0.05?
Assume the variable is normally
distributed.
Sometimes we are having difficulty in deciding whether to use the z test
or t test. The rules are the same as those pertaining to confidence
intervals.
z Test for a Proportion
The steps for hypothesis testing are the same as
presented on the previous slides. Table E is used to
find critical values and P-values.
Table E
EXAMPLE 1: Obese Young People
SOLUTION
 A researcher claims that based
on the information obtained
from the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 17%
of young people ages 2–19
are obese. To test this claim,
she randomly selected 200
people ages 2–19 and found
that 42 were obese. At α =
0.05, is there enough evidence
to reject the claim?
EXAMPLE 2: Caesarean Babies
SOLUTION
 A report stated that 21% of
babies are delivered by
Caesarean section. A
researcher believes that the
percentage is less than 21% in
the large hospital in his
hometown. He randomly
selected 50 newborn infants
and found that 8 were born by
Caesarean section. At α =
0.01, is there enough evidence
to support his claim?
EXAMPLE 3: Attorney Advertisements
SOLUTION
 An attorney claims that more
than 25% of all lawyers
advertise. A random sample
of 200 lawyers in a certain
city showed that 63 had used
some form of advertising. At
α = 0.05, is there enough
evidence to support the
attorney’s claim? Use the P-
value method.
Thank you!

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