T-Test and Z-Test
T-Test and Z-Test
T-Test and Z-Test
1. It is bell-shaped.
2. It is symmetric about the mean.
3. The mean, median, and mode are equal to 0 and
are located at the center of the distribution.
4. The curve approaches but never touches the x
axis.
The t distribution differs from the standard normal
distribution in the following ways.
SOLUTION
Find the 0.05 column in the top row labeled One tail and 16
in the left-hand column.
Where the row and column meet, the appropriate critical
value is found; it is +1.746. (See figure 1.1)
Table F
figure 1.1
Critical Values
EXAMPLE 2
Find the critical t value for α = 0.01 with
d.f. = 24 for a left-tailed t test.
SOLUTION
Find the critical value in the 0.01 column in the row
labeled One tail, and find 24 in the
left column (d.f.). The critical value is −2.492 since
the test is left-tailed.
EXAMPLE 3
SOLUTION
Find the 0.10 column in the row labeled Two tails,
and find 18 in the column labeled
d.f. The critical values are +1.734 and −1.734.
When you test hypotheses by using the t test (traditional method),
follow the same procedure as for the z test, except use Table F.
Find the P-value when the t test value is 2.056, the sample
size is 11, and the test is right-tailed.
SOLUTION
To get the P-value, look across the row with 10 degrees of freedom (d.f. =
n − 1) in Table F and find the two values that 2.056 falls between. They are
1.812 and 2.228. Since this is a right-tailed test, look up to the row labeled
One tail, α and find the two α values corresponding to 1.812 and 2.228.
They are 0.05 and 0.025, respectively. (See figure 1.2)
figure 1.2 Hence, the P-value would be
contained in the interval 0.025 <
P-value < 0.05. This
means that the P-value is
between 0.025 and 0.05. If α
were 0.05, you would reject
the null hypothesis since the P-
value is less than 0.05. But if α
were 0.01, you would not reject
the null hypothesis since the P-
value is greater than 0.01.
(Actually, it is greater than
0.025.)
EXAMPLE 2
Find the P-value when the t test value is 2.983, the sample
size is 6, and the test is two-tailed.
SOLUTION
To get the P-value, look across the row with d.f. = 5 in Table F and
find the two values that 2.983 falls between. They are 2.571 and 3.365.
Then look up the row labeled Two tails, α to find the corresponding α
values.
In this case, they are 0.05 and 0.02. Hence, the P-value is contained in
the interval 0.02 < P-value < 0.05. This means that the P-value is between
0.02 and 0.05. In this case, if α = 0.05, the null hypothesis can be rejected
since P-value < 0.05; but if α = 0.01, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected
since P-value > 0.01 (actually P-value > 0.02)
To test hypotheses using the P-value method, follow the
same steps as explained in previous slide. Those steps are
repeated here.