Cargo Handling and Stowage II

Carriage of Dangerous Goods

Jyro Vyron S. Grimaldo

2nd Year BS in Marine Transportation

Capt. Nicanor B. Altares

Instructor
1. Cargo handling, stowage and securing

Cargo handling and stowage are focused with the types of cargo
moved at sea, particularly risky commodities and the risks
connected with their conveyance. This course will teach you how to
protect cargo at sea and how to guarantee that cargo compartments
are appropriately equipped to accommodate diverse cargo kinds.
 1.1 Dangerous, Hazardous and Harmful Cargoes

Hazardous or dangerous goods have specific

names for a purpose. Due to the hazard associated
with these items, they must be handled with the
utmost care. Any incorrect declaration,
communication, or documentation might have major
consequences and be disastrous for human life on
land or at sea. Chemicals, materials, and items
covered by the IMDG Code that are deemed
hazardous because of their flammability,
corrosiveness, poisonous nature, or other
characteristics are referred to as dangerous goods
(also known as hazardous cargo). The International
Maritime Organization's Maritime Safety Committee
approved the IMDG Code (International Maritime
Dangerous Goods) in resolution MSC.122(75) for the
carrying of dangerous goods (Hazardous Cargo).
 1.1.1 Explains the different types of containment covered by the term "packaged form"

Hazardous goods must be packaged, marked, and stored in accordance with the
IMDG Code. Nine classifications, some of which are further broken into sub-
groups, are used to categorize the goods:

Class 1:Explosive substances and objects (Class 1 is divided into 6 sub-groups).

Class 2:Gases. Compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure.
Class 3:Flammable liquids.
Class 4.1 Flammable solids.
Class 4.2 Spontaneously combustible solids.
Class 4.3 Substances liberating combustible gases when in contact with water.
Class 5.1 Oxidizing agents.
 1.1.1 Explains the different types of containment covered by the term "packaged form"

Class 5.2 Organic peroxides.

Class 6.1 Toxic substances.
Class 6.2 Biohazards.
Class 7 Radioactive substances.
Class 8 Corrosive substances.
Class 9 Various dangerous substances and objects, i.e. any other substance
which experience proves to be - or which turns out to be - of such a dangerous
nature that it should be covered by the provisions of this part.
 1.1.2 Describes the classification of dangerous goods in the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code

There are many classifications of harmful goods in the IMDG code.

Explosives are a part of Class 1, and the following are classified as
explosives: explosives having a high danger of mass explosion, explosives
that provide a significant projected danger, Explosives having a little danger
of fire or projectile, a flammable substance that might cause a large-scale
explosion, really offensive articlesThe following gases are under class 2:
Gases that are poisonous, flammable, or not flammable Any mixture
comprising one or more components with a flash point, or a liquid that may
burn fast. Combustible solids or compounds such as flammable solids, self-
reactive chemicals, solid desensitized explosives, and polymerizing
substances and mixtures are included in LIQUID FLAMMABLE CLASS 4.
(stabilized), substances that spontaneously catch fire, substances that,
when in contact with water, release flammable gases
 1.1.2 Describes the classification of dangerous goods in the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code

Oxidizing chemicals, organic peroxides, poisonous compounds, and

infectious substances are all included in Class 5, which is made up of these
substances.
Class 7 a radioactive substance made of of Any substance containing
radionuclides in which the activity concentration and total activity in the
consignment are both present is referred to as radioactive material.
Class 8 chemicals, sometimes known as corrosive substances, are those that,
by chemical action, significantly hurt living tissue when in contact with them
or, in the case of a leak, substantially harm, if not completely destroy, other
objects or modes of transportation.
1.1.2 Describes the classification of dangerous goods in the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code

Class 9: A variety of harmful products, including ecologically risky

substances. Substances and things that pose a threat during
transportation but are not covered by other classes are referred to as
substances and articles (miscellaneous dangerous substances and
items). substances that can be harmful to one's health when breathed as
fine dust. Things that release flammable vapor Lithium-ion batteries
lifesaving tools Capacitors Things and substances that might release
dioxins in the event of a fire
1.1.3 Explains the properties, characteristics and physical state of the different substances, materials and articles covered by the
9 classes of the IMDG Code

Class 1 explosives: Subclass 1.1: Explosives having a danger of large-

scale explosions contains explosives that pose a threat of mass
detonation. A mass explosion occurs when essentially the whole load is
affected at once. explosives that provide a serious projected risk consists
of explosives with a projected risk but no risk of a large-scale explosion.
Explosives that pose a fire risk include those that also pose a slight blast
risk, a minor projection risk, or both, but no mass explosion risk. Subclass
1.4: Minimal projection or fire danger explosives with a low danger of
explosion. The majority of the explosive effects are contained within the
package, therefore minimal significant size or range fragmentation is
anticipated. An external fire shouldn't cause the package's practically
entire contents to explode instantly.
 1.1.3 Explains the properties, characteristics and physical state of the different substances, materials and articles covered by the
9 classes of the IMDG Code

Gases (Class 2) Acetylene and hydrogen are two flammable gases that catch
fire when they come in contact with an ignition source. Any material that has a
flammable range at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) with air of at least 12 percent
regardless of the lower limit or that is flammable at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) while in
a combination of air that is at least 13 percent by volume with air. Inflammable-
Free Gases (Subclass 2.2) gases that are neither poisonous nor combustible.
Rocket fuels and cryogenic gases/liquids used for cryopreservation (below -
100°C) are listed. This group of substances includes compressed gas,
liquefied gas, pressurised cryogenic gas, compressed gas in solution, and
asphyxiant gas. Any material that has an absolute packing pressure of 280 kPa
(40.6 psia) or higher at 20 °C (68 °F) that does not fall within the standards of
Divisions 2.1 or 2.3 is considered a non-flammable, non-poisonous
compressed gas.
1.1.3 Explains the properties, characteristics and physical state of the different substances, materials and articles covered by the
9 classes of the IMDG Code

A flammable liquid is defined as a liquid that may quickly catch fire or

any mixture containing one or more components with a flash point.
Examples include acetone, diesel, gasoline, kerosene, and oil.
Transportation in bulk packaging at or above its flash point is strongly
advised. There are three types of flammable liquids. Low flash point –
liquids with a flash point of less than -18°CLiquids with an intermediate
flash point have a flash point of -18°C. up to +23°CHigh flash point
liquids – liquids with a flash point of +23°C or above.
 1.1.3 Explains the properties, characteristics and physical state of the different substances, materials and articles covered by the
9 classes of the IMDG Code

flammable substances or solids (Class 4) Subclass 4.1: Solids that catch fire
Flammable solids are those that are readily combustible and those that can
catch fire from friction for the purposes of this Code. Materials with a self-
reactive subclass Chemicals known as self-reactive compounds are thermally
unstable and can explode exothermically even in the absence of oxygen (air).
In order to lessen their explosive potential, explosive chemicals are wetted
with water, alcohols, or diluted with other substances to create a
homogeneous solid mixture. This process is known as solid desensitization.
 1.1.3 Explains the properties, characteristics and physical state of the different substances, materials and articles covered by the
9 classes of the IMDG Code

substances and mixes that polymerize (subclass 4.1) (stabilized) Chemicals that
polymerize are those that, in the absence of stabilization, are vulnerable to a
highly exothermic process that, under typical transport conditions, produces
larger molecules or polymers. Class 1 explosives that have been deactivated, or
substances that the manufacturer has classed as such. Subclass 4.2:
Combustible substances. If a substance spontaneously ignites, it will cause a
series of combustions and is difficult to dispose of. Subclass 4.2: Includes 1 Even
in small concentrations, pyrophoric chemicals can combine to form combinations
and solutions that ignite in less than five minutes when they come into contact
with air. These are the substances that are most likely to spontaneously burn; and
2 Self-heating substances are chemicals that, when in contact with air without an
energy source, are more likely to self-heat than pyrophoric substances. These
substances will only burn in large amounts (in kilograms) and over a long length
of time (hours or days).
 1.1.3 Explains the properties, characteristics and physical state of the different substances, materials and articles covered by the
9 classes of the IMDG Code

Subclass 4.3: Materials that react with water to release combustible gases.
For the purposes of this Code, substances in this class are either liquids or
solids that can spontaneously ignite or generate dangerous levels of
flammable gases when they come into contact with water. Oxidizing
substances and organic peroxides make up class 5. Oxidizing substances
that, while not necessarily combustible, may cause or aid in the burning of
other materials by generating oxygen are classified under subclass 5.1. Such
items could be included in an article. Since one or both hydrogen atoms in
hydrogen peroxide have been replaced by organic radicals, organic peroxides
are organic molecules with the bivalent -O-O structure. Organic peroxides are
chemical substances that can self-decompose exothermically and are
thermally unstable.
 1.1.3 Explains the properties, characteristics and physical state of the different substances, materials and articles covered by the
9 classes of the IMDG Code

Toxic chemicals that might significantly affect human health or result in death
while in transportation are considered class 6 dangerous substances. A material
is considered to be infectious if it is known or there is a good chance that it
contains microbes. Microorganisms that may infect people or animals with
disease include pathogens including bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, parasites, and
fungus. Any item containing radionuclides in which the activity concentration
and total activity in the shipment are both high is classified as a Class 7
radioactive substance.
 1.1.3 Explains the properties, characteristics and physical state of the different substances, materials and articles covered by the
9 classes of the IMDG Code

Class 9: A variety of harmful products, including ecologically risky

substances. In contrast to other classes, chemicals and articles (also known
as various harmful substances and things) present a risk during travel.
substances that can be harmful to one's health when breathed as fine dust.
Things that release flammable vapor Lithium-ion batteries lifesaving tools
Capacitors Things and substances that might release dioxins in the event of a
fire
 1.1.4 Identifies the marking, labelling and placarding of dangerous goods as required by the IMDG Code and - DGs in limited
quantities, e.g. schedule 18

Marking: Marking is the process of adding necessary information to the

outside packaging of hazardous goods or dangerous objects, such as
descriptive names, identifying numbers, instructions, warnings, weights,
specifications, or UN marks, alone or in combination. Labeling: The precise
major and secondary dangers that the items in a package of hazardous
products pose are highlighted on labels. To clearly and quickly identify the
type of contents in the package, these communication approaches make use
of certain colors, symbols, and pictograms.
 1.1.4 Identifies the marking, labelling and placarding of dangerous goods as required by the IMDG Code and - DGs in limited
quantities, e.g. schedule 18

The necessary marking: Must be legible, written in English, and adhered

to the surface of a package, a label, a tag, or a sign.
Must be placed away from any other marking (like advertising) that might
significantly diminish its efficacy. Must be put on a background that is a
stark contrast to the background color.
distinctive markings:
There are also certain indicators that you need to be aware of. Some of
them are: Regarding liquid harmful items or materials:

For radioactive substances, toxic dangerous products, and dangerous

items in small amounts, there are additional marking specifications.
Please refer to the particular portions in 49CFR, Part 172, Subpart D.
1.1.4 Identifies the marking, labelling and placarding of dangerous goods as required by the IMDG Code and - DGs in limited
quantities, e.g. schedule 18

Placarding: Enlarged labels (placards), marks, and signs must be attached

to the exterior surfaces of a cargo transport unit to warn that the contents
are dangerous goods and present risks, unless the labels and/or marks
attached to the packages are clearly visible from the exterior of the cargo
transport unit.
 1.1.4 Identifies the marking, labelling and placarding of dangerous goods as required by the IMDG Code and - DGs in limited
quantities, e.g. schedule 18

Marking for Limited and Excepted Quantities Selectively hazardous goods

that are packaged in extremely small or limited quantities (excepted quantity)
have a lower transportation risk than equivalent goods that are packed in
larger quantities. Therefore, if properly packed and labeled, they are eligible
for a certain exemption from tough packaging rules. This might significantly
reduce the cost of packaging. The labeling for dangerous goods in limited
and permissible amounts is shown in the image below.
 1.1.5 the duty officer should have information on the quantities, types of package, proper shipping names (correct technical
names), classification, stowage and segregation of the dangerous goods to be handled

To prevent any incidents caused by such delicate cargo, the deck officer in
charge of cargo loading, cargo discharge, and the general safety of the cargo
while it is transported aboard ships, must be aware of the following.
1. Understand how dangerous cargo is classified: To organize the transportation
according to the needs of the cargo, the risky goods are divided into a number of
subcategories. IMDG cargo is frequently divided into:
Explosives
•Gases-flammable/nonflammable/poison
•Flammable liquids-low FP/medium FP/high FP
•Flammable solids
•Substances liable spontaneous combustion Cargo that gives flammable gases
with water
•Radioactive substances
•Corrosives
•Miscellaneous dangerous substances
 1.1.5 the duty officer should have information on the quantities, types of package, proper shipping names (correct technical
names), classification, stowage and segregation of the dangerous goods to be handled

2. Verify that the cargo is packaged properly: Check the following if the IMDG
cargo is loaded in a package:
•Absorbing or cushioning material is used with the package containing liquid
cargo, which must be competent of absorbing the liquid in case of leakage
•The package is kept with sufficient ullage if liquid cargo is carried
•All cylinders carrying IMDG cargo are pressure tested and certified ok for use
3. Understand the Cargo Groups: IMDG commodities are split into three primary
groups, each of which has a distinct strategy for handling in the event of an
accident or spill, storage, and transportation:
Group 1: Cargo which are extremely dangerous
Group 2: Cargo with moderate danger
Group 3: Cargo with less danger
 1.1.5 the duty officer should have information on the quantities, types of package, proper shipping names (correct technical
names), classification, stowage and segregation of the dangerous goods to be handled

4. Examine the Labels: Verify that all package labels are clearly visible and
describe the kind and features of the goods. Additionally, the packaging is
plastered with the appropriate labels identifying the hazard (flammable,
poisonous, corrosive, etc.). The label needs to be waterproof such that it can still
be read for at least three months even if submerged.
5. Verify the Cargo's Documents: Make that the agency or shipper has delivered
any IMDG goods before loading it:
•The technical name of the cargo carried
•The declaration certificate saying cargo has been packed as per the IMDG code
 1.1.5 the duty officer should have information on the quantities, types of package, proper shipping names (correct technical
names), classification, stowage and segregation of the dangerous goods to be handled

6. Check When Loading Cargo: The following items need to be examined as you
load the IMDG cargo. :
•Examine the stowage plan and store the package in accordance with it.
•During the loading period, no bunkering is being done or stopped.
•The radar has been turned off, except for certain shipments
•Verify that the packing is weatherproof and that no damage or leaks were
discovered during loading.
•Check port regulations for IMDG cargo prior to cargo operation.
7. When loading explosive material, pay attention to the label if it has an IMDG
designation.
• A wooden pallet is placed on top of the package.
• There are no electrical devices connected to the source in that area.
• All electrical wiring is correctly encased.
• The shipment is stored away from the lodging and the heated bulkhead.
 1.1.5 the duty officer should have information on the quantities, types of package, proper shipping names (correct technical
names), classification, stowage and segregation of the dangerous goods to be handled

8. Be familiar with the emergency procedure: It's crucial for the OOW to be
ready for any mishaps when handling such hazardous material. The deck
officer is required to read and comprehend:
• Procedure in case of emergency for ships transporting IMDG cargo
• MFAG-Medical First Aid Guide for IMDG Cargo Accidents
• Identifying cargo risk by reading the labels
These are only a few of the crucial considerations while managing hazardous
cargo aboard ships. But it's also important to pay close attention to any
directions that the manufacturer or business may supply.
 1.1.6 States that the duty officer should have information on the special measures to be taken when a certain dangerous cargo is
handled

Officers are similar to physicians on board, but all mariners are also medical
teams to respond when accidents occur aboard. Officers have a great deal of
knowledge about chemicals and what happens when they leak on board or to
someone else on board. The MFAG is the instruction and first aid manual
used when accidents occur during the transport of hazardous products, and
the officer is aware of it. Other pollutants may also be harmful to the ship and
might contaminate or harm it. Additionally, chemicals may seep into the water,
which is a serious offense.
1.1.7 States that the measures to be taken in the event of an incident or accident should be made known and that any necessary
equipment and sufficient crew to operate it should be available

• Because it offers instructions and guidance on what to do, what

medications to take when, and what not to do, seafarers adhere to
MFAG when incidents occur.
• Wear breathing apparatus and full protective clothing to prevent
contaminating chemicals into your skin; most chemicals may cause
rashes or worse burns. Before saving anybody else, put your own life
at danger.
• Ask for medical advice and let every port know you are nearby so they
can offer first aid if a rescue operation is required.
1.1.8 Explain where to look for damage and defects most commonly encountered due to:  loading and unloading operation 
corrosion severe weather conditions

• When there is strong weather, the ship may face large waves and its
motion may change into a pitching motion. This causes the ship to take a
lot of beating, which puts a lot of stress on the hull.
• When loading and unloading, the ship's hull continues to experience
stress that causes it to bend or, as some have put it, "hogging sag," and
this stress is uncomfortable. As a result, it's important to constantly
check the ship for leaks and other damages because a cracked hull would
cause the ship to capsize.
 1.1.9 Explains that the actions to be taken are laid down in the IMO Emergency Procedures for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods
(EmS), the IMO Medical First Aid Guide for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods (MFAG) and the International Medical
Guide for Ships (IMGS)

• MFAG offers brief instructions on what to do if they were exposed to a

certain chemical, as well as advice on how to take medication and what to
do whether a victim is aware or unconscious.
• The best course of action, according to MFAG, is to protect yourself from
harm and constantly wear protective clothing to prevent any chemical
interactions with your body.
• Because we don't have access to our own doctors on board and traveling
by ship is extremely risky, the MFAG is useful because it provides
instructions on what to do in case of accidents. The best course of action
is to avoid accidents altogether by being aware of what to do when
transporting dangerous goods.
1.1.10 States that any incident or accident during the handling of dangerous goods should be reported immediately to the person
in charge of the operation and all cargo operations to be ceased

• It is imperative to report it right away to the police since they are

trained for it and have experience dealing with incidents that may
happen while the vehicle is in motion.
• They also deal with the medical supplies needed for serious incidents.

For ships transporting various types of dangerous products, the

International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code establishes and
lays down certain rules and restrictions. The regulation has been put in
place to stop fire and explosion mishaps and to guarantee the highest
safety of the ship and its crew when handling hazardous cargo on board.
 1.1.11 Explains that the IMDG Code lays down the packing requirements

The interior and outside of the container must be carefully inspected before
packing any risky products inside. Every package containing hazardous materials,
as well as every drum, jerrican, box, and bag, needs to be visually examined for
any damage. The container must not be stocked with packages that are leaking or
damaged. The packer must ensure that the packages are labeled, tagged, and UN
Performance marked. For both dangerous and non-dangerous cargo, the same
rules for container security apply. When subjected to acceleration, products that
are not securely secured are vulnerable to harm because of internal movement.
The items within the container may shift, stacks may collapse, and heavier
commodities may even burst through the container walls as a result of a vessel
rolling, tilting, or abruptly stopping a vehicle.
 1.1.12 States that any doubts about the suitability and integrity of packages should be reported to the master or chief mate

Dangerous products within big machinery or vehicles that are mounted on

containers must not leak or spill. Liquid dangerous products must always be
loaded below dry dangerous goods when transporting. Similar to this, when
loading dangerous and non-dangerous items into the same container, dangerous
items should, whenever feasible, be kept near the door end. Packages for risky
items should have their markings and labels facing the door end. Drums, packages
with vents, and containers with orientation marks must all be stored upright
Drums on roll are forbidden per the IMDG Code. Tiers need to be separated by
dunnage if the packages can't be stacked. Some shipping companies require a
note from the shipper confirming the usage of dunnage when transporting liquid
dangerous products in plastic barrels. This prevents leaking by making sure the
top tier won't crush the lower tier.
 1.1.13 States the fire precautions which should be taken when carrying dangerous goods

By using proper seamanship and taking the following precautions in particular,

one can prevent fire in a cargo of dangerous goods:
• keep flammable materials away from ignition sources;
• adequately protect flammable materials;
• reject broken or leaking packages;
• package storage that prevents heating or inadvertent damage;
• packages should be kept apart from materials that could start or spread a fire.
• Stow dangerous products in an accessible location when appropriate and
practical to protect packages nearby from fires;
• enforce the ban on smoking in places that could be dangerous and post
notices or signs that are easily recognizable as "NO SMOKING."
 1.1.14 Describes the precautions which should be taken while loading or discharging explosives

For class 1 which is explosive here are the guidelines

• Fire from an outside source poses the biggest risk when handling and
transporting class 1 items, so it's critical that any fire is found and put out
before it gets close to the commodities. Because of this, it's crucial that fire
safety procedures, fire-fighting techniques, and equipment are of the
highest caliber and prepared for use right away.
• A fire detection system should be installed in adjacent cargo areas and
compartments housing class 1 products. Such places should be accessible
for firefighting operations if they are not covered by a fixed fire-
extinguishing system.
 1.1.14 Describes the precautions which should be taken while loading or discharging explosives

No repairs should be made in a compartment that contains class 1 products.

There should be extra caution taken when performing repairs in any
surrounding area. Except in an emergency and, if in port, with prior
permission from the port authority, no welding, burning, cutting, or riveting
operations involving the use of fire, flame, spark, or arc-producing equipment
should be performed anywhere other than machinery spaces and workshops
where fire-extinguishing arrangements are available.
 1.1.15 Explains with the aid of diagrams, the meaning of the following stowage and segregation requirements for the different
types of ships

The IMDG Code's goal is to make dangerous goods transportation safer while
permitting their free, unfettered mobility. The IMDG Code offers information on
all the different dangerous cargoes available for marine transportation,
including solid, liquid, and gaseous substances. Additionally, explosive,
flammable, oxidizing, and radioactive compounds are covered.
Recommendations for their confinement or packing, as well as a variety of other
details about the product, are included. The Code will then be updated every two
years to reflect technical advancements.

According to guidelines outlined in the I.M.O. —MFAG (Medical First Aid Guide)
and WHO - IMGS, all ships transporting hazardous materials should have medical
first-aid equipment onboard, including oxygen resuscitation equipment and
antidotes for shipment (International Medical Guide for Ships).
 1.1.15 Explains with the aid of diagrams, the meaning of the following stowage and segregation requirements for the different
types of ships

D/G Cargo “Onboard” List

The C/Off shall compile an updated dangerous cargo list as needed for reporting to port authorities. This
list must have at least the following details:
• Stow Position,
• Container Number,
• Line Operator,
• and Port of Loading/Discharging are only a few examples.
• DG Class,
• UN Number,
• Correct Shipping Name,
• Weight,
• Flash Point,
• and EMS are some other considerations. With the utmost care, such a list for reporting to authorities
must be created.

D/G Cargo Stowage Plan

Along with a D/G Cargo List (showing Location, Cntr No., D/G Class, and UN No. ), the C/Off is required
to prepare a copy of the Dangerous Cargo Stowage Plan (identifying D/G class and Stowage Location).
And these, together with any specific instructions from shippers, must be retained in the Wheel House
(for the watchkeeping officer's quick reference) and the Fire Wallets at the Gangways.
 1.1.15 Explains with the aid of diagrams, the meaning of the following stowage and segregation requirements for the different
types of ships

Stowage Hold or Container (enclosed)

Make sure the space is appropriate for carrying

that specific weight and that it is dry before
packing any dangerous goods into a
compartment or container.

All dangerous goods need to be carefully

fastened against chafing and firmly packed.
The materials employed for security should be
compatible with the products being secured.

separated either vertically or horizontally from:

A complete container or hold, Only a
longitudinal separation, i.e., by an intervening
entire compartment, is permissible if the decks
are not fire and liquid resistant.
 1.2.1 Describes, for crude carriers and product tankers, the general arrangement of:

Carriers of crude oil:

Crude oil is transported by crude oil carriers from drilling rigs to processing
facilities (refineries). Crude oil tankers must be larger than product tankers
because the amount of crude oil removed from offshore drilling sites is
significantly more than the amount of product gathered from them. Only crude
oil tankers, which frequently sail vast distances, are transported on VLCCs and
ULCCs.
 1.2.1 Describes, for crude carriers and product tankers, the general arrangement of:

Bottom lines are the pipes that connect the cargo tanks to the pumps, while risers
are the pipes that connect the pump room to the deck. Deck lines are the lines that
are on the deck. Drop lines are the cables that connect the deck to the tanks.
There are other crude oil cleaning lines on the deck in addition to this (COW lines).
From the main discharge line in the pump chamber, the COW main line typically
diverges. The many tanks on deck are another branch of it. The final portion of the
cargo is discharged from the ship via a smaller diameter line called the MARPOOL
Line.
1.2.1 Describes, for crude carriers and product tankers, the general arrangement of:

Slop tanks: Sludge created after purifying fuel or lubricating oil with
purifiers is stored in these tanks, which are found in the engine room.
Tank has a unique purpose for collecting greasy mixtures, tank
washings, and tank draining.
 1.2.1 Describes, for crude carriers and product tankers, the general arrangement of:

• When the ship was light, deep tanks were frequently installed next to the
machinery areas amidships to provide ballast capacity, improving the draft
with little trim. These tanks were commonly used to transport both specialised
liquid goods and general cargoes.
• The term "cofferdam" refers to an empty area created in a ship so that the
compartments on either side do not share a common wall. A cofferdam must
generally be kept gas-tight, adequately vented, and large enough to allow for
proper maintenance, inspection, and safe evacuation. The cofferdam, which
separates the tanks to prevent the mixing of two different liquids, might be
thought of as a void or an empty space. When there is a leak from the border
between the two liquids, this empty space prevents the mixing of the two
separate fluids.
 1.3.1 Describes the direct pipeline arrangement in crude carriers & product tanker

It consists of lines that extend to

bellmouths in the center and wing tanks
and run longitudinally in the center
tanks. The straightforward system may
be found on certain oil transporters. It
has the benefits of being simple to use
and requiring less staff training.
 1.3.2 Describes the piping arrangements in a pump -room

Bottom lines are the pipes that connect the cargo tanks to the pumps, while
risers are the pipes that connect the pump room to the deck. Deck lines are
the lines that are on the deck. Drop lines are the cables that connect the deck
to the tanks.
1.3.3 Describes the system of individual deep -well pumps for a product tanker

Deep well cargo pumps

In the tanker cargo pumping system, cargo
pumps are either hydraulically or electrically
powered. A deep well pump is only
appropriate for double-hulled tankers since its
impeller is positioned in a well in the tank top
and it is immersed in the fluid it is pumping.
1.3.4 Explains the arrangement and use of

Bottom lines connect cargo tanks to pumps, while risers connect

pump rooms to decks. Deck lines are deck lines. Drop lines are
deck-to-tank connections. Decks also have Crude Oil washing
lines (COW lines). The pump-room main discharge line splits into
the COW main line. It extends to deck tanks.
 1.3.4 Explains the arrangement and use of

Crossover pipeline- Through large diameter IP/LP crossover pipes, which must
accommodate the thermal expansion between the cylinders by a mix of different
bellows designs that allow either bending or axial movement, the steam from the
intermediate pressure cylinder is transferred to the low pressure cylinders. a tank
vessel's bottom piping network's system of valves and cargo lines that joins one
portion of its cargo tanks to another.
 1.3.4 Explains the arrangement and use of

Bypasses pipeline- For pneumatic components that are used continuously,

bypass connections are necessary to ensure that the air flow is not cut off
during maintenance or removal from service. A piping loop with a shut-off valve
is typically routed around the component for bypass reasons, and shut off
valves are added before and after the component.
 1.3.4 Explains the arrangement and use of

• Crossovers: The system of cargo lines and valves in a tank vessel's

bottom pipe network that link one section of the cargo tanks to another.
• Bypass – For pneumatic components that are used continuously, bypass
connections are necessary to ensure that the air flow is not cut off during
maintenance or removal from service.
• master valves: In order to separate each tank from the others when
necessary, master valves are supplied on each line linking the tanks. This
particular vessel lacks a pump and stripping line.
• In order to prevent flooding of the ship, the emergency bilge suction or
bilge injection valve is used.
• marine suction sea valves: A marine suction sea valve is an inlet valve put
on a ship's bottom or bilge.
1.4.1 Describes the main operating features of centrifugal pumps

It is a mechanical device that uses one or more driven impellers to transfer

rotational energy in order to move fluid. Centrifugal force causes fluid to be
thrown out of the quickly revolving impeller along its circle through the
vane tips.
1.4.2 Explains why most cargo pumps are of centrifugal type

A centrifugal pump's impeller must continuously rotate at a high speed

to function effectively. Centrifugal pumps lose efficiency with high
viscosity inputs because there is more resistance and more pressure is
required to maintain a certain flow rate.
 1.4.3 Describes the main operating features of the following positive - displacement pumps:

• A piston, plunger, or diaphragm moves repeatedly back and forth to power a

reciprocating positive displacement pump. We refer to these cycles as
reciprocations.
• A piston pump works by drawing fluid into the piston chamber with its initial
stroke, which also creates a vacuum, opens an intake valve, and shuts an
output valve (the suction phase). As the piston's motion is reversed, the
outlet valve opens and the intake valve, which is now under pressure,
closes, allowing the fluid inside the piston chamber to be released (the
compression phase).
1.4.4 States the applications for which positive -displacement pumps are most suitable

Centrifugal and positive displacement. Higher flows and less viscous liquids
can be moved by centrifugal pumps. 90% of the pumps in use in some
chemical facilities are centrifugal pumps. However, positive displacement
pumps are favored in a lot of applications. For instance, they function more
effectively at high pressures and relatively low flows and can manage fluids
with a higher viscosity. When metering is a key factor, they are also more
accurate.
1.4.5 Describes how educators work and gives examples of their use
1.4.6 Describes the conditions for which the pumps are being used such as stripping

Like us students, educators are lifelong learners, and they present their
work to students in a way that helps them comprehend both the nature of
their job and the philosophy behind what they have accomplished.The pipes
come to an end in a bell mouth inside the cargo tanks. One major bell
mouth and one smaller stripper bell mouth may be present in a tank. As an
alternative, one bell mouth might be used for both the main discharge and
the stripping discharge.
1.4.7 Describes the safe handling of chemical cargoes

• To reduce accidents on board, safe handling of chemical cargoes must be

practiced. First, we must understand the nature of the cargo that we load
and the hazards of it.
• Second, we must carefully load and unload it. Finally, we must better
comprehend the nature of the cargo that has been loaded on the ship.
• We simply need to be conversant with every cargo that we carry on our
yacht in order to stow it appropriately and classify it where it needs to be.
1.4.8 Describes the safe handling of liquefied gas cargoes

• When putting liquefied gas into our tanks, we must periodically be

aware of its temperature as well as the type and other details of the
liquefied gas.
• We must exercise caution when performing heated tasks on board
because even a small spark might activate gas, which is strongly
attracted to smoke and could explode as a result.
• We must exercise caution in all of our actions and mindfulness in our
work.
 1.4.9 Describes the used of ship/shore checklist

• The purpose of a ship's checklist is to

determine whether every piece of equipment
on board is in working order and nothing has
been left behind.
• The machinery must all be in working order
because a malfunction during mooring
operations could have an impact on the
vessel or result in an accident.
 1.4.10 Describe the importance of setting the right pumping rate during the loading and unloading operation

• It is crucial to adjust the pumping

system's pressure at the proper
level; if it is too high or too low, the
ship may be destroyed.
• Because the pipe system is so
crucial to the ship's ability to load
and unload cargo, it could take
some time to offload the chemical if
it bursts under high pressure.
2.1.1 Describes the guidelines on the Enhanced Programme of Inspections during surveys of Oil Tankers

Single- and double-hulled oil tankers are built with integrated tanks and are
generally used to transport oil in bulk. The construction of the oil tankers can
be single or double hulled, as well as tankers with different structural
configurations and mid-deck designs
 References

• Dangerous Cargo, IMO Codes and Symbols - Arkas Container Transport S.A. (arkasline.com.tr)
• Understanding Design Of Oil Tanker Ships (marineinsight.com)
• What is Cofferdam on Ships? (marineinsight.com)
• Piping Arrangement - Conventional Oil Tanker Basics (cultofsea.com)
• Infographics: Single Stage Deep well Cargo Pump (marineinsight.com)
• Standard pump piping routing & considerations for pump piping arrangement – The piping talk
• Piping Arrangement - Conventional Oil Tanker Basics (cultofsea.com)
• Deep Tank - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics