P Block

CLASS XI
P- BLOCK ELEMENTS CHEMISTRY

INTRODUCTION
•The block of elements in the periodic table consistin
main groups :
•The p- Block Element
• Group13 (B to Tl)
•Elements in which the last electron enters in the any one of the
three p- orbital of their outermost shells – p-block elements • Group14 (C to Pb)
• Gen. electronic configuration of outer shell is ns2np1-6 The inner
core of e-config. may differ which greatly influences their physical • Group15 (N to Bi)
& to some extent chemical properties.
• • Group 16 (O to Po)
• Group17 (F to At)
• Group18 (He to Rn)
• (1) Members at the top
and on the right of the p-
block are nonmetals (C,
N, P, O, F, S, Cl, Br, I,
At).
(2) Those on the left and
at the bottom are metals
(Al, Ga, In,Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb
Bi, Po).
(3) Between the two,
from the top left to
bottom right, lie an ill-
defined group of
metalloid elements (B,
Si, Ge, As, Te)
GROUP 13 : The boron group
• Outer Electronic Configuration:-ns2np1
• •group members: boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In) & thallium (Tl) . All, except boron, are metals.
• Boron show diagonal relationship with Silicon; both are semiconductors metalloids & forms covalent compounds.
• Boron compounds are electron deficient, they are lack of an octet of electrons about the B atom .
• diborane B2H6 is simplest boron hydride

Structure: three-center two-electron: the H atoms are simultaneously bonded to two B atoms the B-H bridging bond lengths
are greater than B-H terminal.
• Boron oxide is acidic (it reacts readily with water to form boric acid)
• Aluminium compounds:aluminium oxide is amphoteric
• aluminum halides, e.g., AlCl3 is dimer, an important catalyst in organic chemistry have anincomplete octet, acts as
Lewic acid by accepting lone pairs from Lewic bases, forming adduct
Atomic Properties - Electronic
Configurations
Element Symbol Atomic Electronic Abundance in Earth’s

No. Configuration Crest (in ppm)
Boron B 5 [He]2s2 2p1 8
Aluminium Al 13 [Ne]3s2 3p1 81,300
Galium Ga 31 [Ar]3d104s2 4p1 15
Indium In 49 [Kr] 4d105s2 5p1 1
Thallium Tl 81 [Xe] 5d106s2 6p1 0.3
Atomic and ionic radii
• The atomic and ionic radii of group 13 elements are compared to corresponding
elements of group 2. From left to right in the period, the magnitude of nuclear charge
increases but the electrons are added to, the same shell. These electrons do not screen
each other, therefore, the electrons experience greater nuclear charge.
• • In other words, effective nuclear charge increases and thus, size decreases. Therefore,
the elements of this group have smaller size than the corresponding elements of second
group.
• • On moving down the group both atomic and ionic radii are expected to increase due
to the addition of new shells. However, the observed atomic radius of Al (143 pm) is slightly
more than that of Ga (l35 pm).
Ionization energies
• The first ionization energies of group 13 elements are less than the
corresponding members of the alkaline earths.
• The sharp decrease in I.E. from B to Al is due to increase in size. In case of Ga,
there are ten d-electrons in its inner electronic configuration.
• The very high value of 3rd I. E. of thallium indicates that +3 O.N. state is not
stable, rather +1 is more stable for thallium .
•Electropositive (or metallic) character
•the elements of group 13 are less electropositive
as compared to elements of group 2. On moving
down the group the electropositive (metallic)
character increases because ionization energy
decreases. For e.g., Boron is a non-metal white Element B Al Ga In Tl
the other elements are typical metals. Oxidation +3 +3 +3, +3, +3,
•Oxidation states state +1 +1 +1
•The common oxidation states of group 13
elements are +3 and + l .The stability of the + 1
oxidation state increases in the sequence Al
<Ga< In <Tl, Due to Inert pair effect.
CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF GROUP:13
ELEMENTS
• Reactivity towards air:
• All the metals of group 13 react with dioxygen at high temperature to form try oxides of the formula M2O3.
• 4M + 3O2  M2O3
• Besides Tl2O3, Tl also forms Tl2O.
• Aluiminium does not reacts in dry air. However, Aluminium forms a thin layer of oxide in moist air , which makes it
unreactive to other substances. Amorphous boron and aluminium when reacted with air by providing heat from
B2O3 and Al2O3 These elements are heated with dinitrogen to form nitrides.
• Only boron and aluminium react with dinitrogen at high temperature two form nitrides. the remaining
elements , Ga,In,Tl, do not react with nitrogen to form corresponding nitrides.
• Acidic and basic character Off oxides and hydroxides : the trioxides of group thirteen react
with water to form their corresponding hydroxides.
• M2O3 + H2O  2M(OH)3
• the nature of this oxides in hydroxide varies down the group .
• boron oxides and hydroxides are weakly acidic they dissolve in alkalis forming metal borates.
• on moving down the group acidic character decreases and the basic character increases this is
basically because down the group ionization enthalpy decreases . Consequently, M-O bond
weekends and is easily broken resulting in increased basic strength down the group.
• The nature of the oxides varies as we move down the group. Boron trioxide is acidic
in nature. Aluminium and gallium oxides are amphoteric in nature. Whereas indium
and thallium are basic in nature.
• Reactivity towards acids and alkalis: Boron is unreactive when comes in contact with acids and alkalis at
moderate temperatures.Boron does not react with non oxidising acids such as hydrochloric acid . however
, it is attacked at high temperature by strong oxidising acids such as mixture of concentrated sulfuric and
nitric acid forming boric acid .
• B + 3HNO3  H3BO3 + 3NO2
• Aluminium reacts with mineral acids and aqueous alkalis thus show amphoteric character.
• The reaction of aluminum with HCl:
•The reaction of aluminum with aqueous alkali:
•Reactivity towards halogen: The boron family reacts with halogens to form trihalides (except TlI3)
Physical properties of boron
• the first element of B family i.e., boron itself has some physical properties

different from that of rest of the members.
• It is a hard and black coloured non-metallic solid. It's melting point is 2453K and
boiling point is 3923K.
• The existence of boron can be seen in its many allotropic forms.
• It has an unusually high melting point because of the very strong crystal lattice.
In contrast, the rest of the members are soft in nature and have low melting
points. They have high electrical conductivity.
Anomalous properties of boron
1. Boron is a non-metal & bad conductor of electricity whereas aluminium is a metal& good conductor. B is hard but Al is a
soft metal.
2. Boron exists in two forms-crystalline and amorphous. But Al does not exist in different forms.
3. The melting and boiling point of boron are much higher than that of Al .
4. Boron forms only covalent compounds whereas Al forms even some ionic compounds.
5. The hydroxides and oxides of boron are acidic in nature whereas those of aluminium are amphoteric.
6. The trihalides of boron exist as monomers. On the other hand, aluminium halides exist as dimers .
7. The hydrides of boron are quite stable while those of aluminium are unstable
• Boron and silicon exhibit the typical properties of non-metals. These do not form cations. Both exist in amorphous as well
as crystalline forms.
• Boron oxide (B2O3) and silic a (SiO2) both are acidic and dissolve in alkali solutions to form borates and silicates
respectively. B2O3 + 6NaOH → 2Na2BO3 + 3H2O SiO2 + 2NaOH → Na2SiO3 + H2O
• The chlorides of both B and Si get hydrolyzed by water to boric acid and silicic acid respectively. BCl3 + 3H2O →H3BO3
+ 3HCl SiCl4 + 3H2O → H2SiO3 + 4HCl
The hydrides of Boron and Silicon are quite stable. Numerous volatile hydrides are also known which catch fire on
exposure to air and are easily hydrolyzed. Both elements are semiconductors

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CLASS XI

P- BLOCK ELEMENTS CHEMISTRY

• Outer Electronic Configuration:-ns2np1

• diborane B2H6 is simplest boron hydride

• Aluminium compounds:aluminium oxide is amphoteric

Element Symbol Atomic Electronic Abundance in Earth’s

• The reaction of aluminum with HCl:

•The reaction of aluminum with aqueous alkali:

• the first element of B family i.e., boron itself has some physical properties

• The existence of boron can be seen in its many allotropic forms.

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