The Internet &

the World Wide

Web: Exploring
Cyberspace

Chapter 2
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 Chapter 2 Topics

UNIT 2A: The Internet & the Web

2.1 Connecting to the Internet: Narrowband, Broadband, & Access Providers

2.2 How Does the Internet Work?

Using Information Technology, 11e

2.3 The World Wide Web

UNIT 2B: The Riches & Risks of Internet Use

2.4 Email & Other Ways of Communicating over the Net

2.5 The Online Gold Mine: Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting, Blogs, E-Commerce,
& Social Networking

2.6 The Intrusive Internet: Snooping, Spamming, Spoofing, Phishing, Pharming, Cookies, & Spyware
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 UNIT 2A: The Internet & the Web

• The Internet began in 1969 as ARPANET.

• The Internet was text-only. In the early 1990s, multimedia
Using Information Technology, 11e

became available on the Internet, and the World Wide Web

(web) was born.

This is the first image

uploaded to the web, in
1992.
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 • To connect to the Internet you need
1. An access device (computer with modem)
2. A means of connection (phone line, cable hookup, or
wireless)
Using Information Technology, 11e

3. An Internet access provider

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 2.1 Connecting to
Using Information Technology, 11e

the Internet
Narrowband, Broadband,
& Access Providers

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 However you connect to the Internet, the bandwidth will determine the speed
of your connection.

• Bandwidth: Expresses how much data can be sent through a

Using Information Technology, 11e

communications channel in a given amount of time.

• Baseband: Slow type of connection that allows only
one signal to be transmitted at a time.
• Broadband: High-speed connections.

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 • Physical connection to Internet—wired or wireless?
• Telephone [dial-up] modem
• High-speed phone line—DSL, T1/T3
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Cable modem
• Wireless—satellite and other through-the-air links

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 • Data Transmission Speeds
• Originally measured in bits per second (bps)
• 8 bits are needed to send one character, such as A or a
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Kbps connections send 1 thousand bits per second

• Mbps connections send 1 million bits per second
• Gbps connections send 1 billion bits per second
•Uploading & Downloading
• Upload—transmit data from local to remote computer
• Download—transmit data from remote to local computer

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 • Narrowband (Dial-Up Modem): Low speed but inexpensive
• Telephone line = narrowband, or low bandwidth, low speed
• Dial-up connection—use of telephone modem to connect to Internet
(used mostly in rural areas on POTS, or plain old telephone system)
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Telephone Modems
• Can be either internal or external
• Maximum speed of 56 Kbps
• Most ISPs offer local access numbers

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 Telephone (Dial-Up) Modem
Using Information Technology, 11e

Panel 2.3
Page 55

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 High-Speed Phone Lines

• More expensive but available in cities & most towns

• DSL line
• Uses regular phone lines, DSL modem
• Receives data at 7 ̶ 105Mbps; sends at about 384 Kbps – 1 Mbps
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Is always on
• Need to live no farther than 4.5 miles from phone company switching office
• Not always available in rural areas
• T1 line—very expensive
• Traditional trunk line, fiber optic or copper; carries 24 normal telephone
circuits
• Transmission rate of 1.5 ̶ 6 Mbps (T3 = 6 – 47 Mbps)
• The “last mile” can still be a problem
• Generally used by large organizations 11
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 High-Speed Phone Lines

• Cable modem
• TV cable system with Internet connection; company usually supplies cable
modem
• Is always on
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Receives data at up to
100 Mbps; sends at
about 2-8 Mbps

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 Basic DSL/Cable-PC system
Using Information Technology, 11e

Panel 2.4
Page 57

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 Satellite Wireless Connections

•Transmits data between satellite dish

and satellite orbiting earth
•Connection is always on
Using Information Technology, 11e

•Requires Internet access provider with 2-way

satellite transmission
•User needs to buy or lease satellite dish and
modem and have them connected

14
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 Other Wireless: Wi-Fi, 3G, & 4G

• Wi-Fi—stands for “wireless fidelity”

• Name for a set of wireless standards (802.11) set by IEEE
• Transmits data wirelessly up to 54 Mbps for 300 – 500 feet from access point
(hotspot)
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Typically used with laptops and tablets that have Wi-Fi hardware
• 3G = “third generation”; uses existing cellphone system; handles voice, email,
multimedia
• 4G = “fourth generation”; faster than 3G; built specifically for Internet traffic –
but not standard yet
• Both 3G and 4G used mostly in smartphones

15
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 Internet Access Providers (ISPs)

• ISP: Local, regional, or national organization that provides access to the

Internet for a fee — e.g., Comcast, Charter, AT&T.
• Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) — e.g., AT&T, T-Mobile,
Verizon Wireless, Sprint, Credo
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Enables wireless-equipped laptop/tablet and smartphone users to

access Internet

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 2.2 How Does the Internet
Using Information Technology, 11e

Work?

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 • The Internet is basically a huge network that connects
hundreds of thousands of smaller networks.
• Central to this arrangement are client/server networks
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Client: computer requesting data or services

• Server or host computer: central computer supplying data or services
requested of it

Clien
t
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 Internet Connections: POP & IXPs

• Point of Presence (POP)

• A collection of modems and other equipment in a local area
• A local gateway (access) to an ISP’s network
• ISP connects to an IXP
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Internet Exchange Point (IXP)

• A routing computer at a point on the Internet where several
connections come together
• IXPs are run by private companies
• Allow different ISPs to exchange Internet traffic

(continued)
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 Internet Connections: Backbone, & Internet2

• Internet Backbone
• High-speed, high-capacity data transmission lines, usually
fiber optic
• Uses the newest technology
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Providers include AT&T, Sprint, Verizon, CenturyLink, and

Deutsche Telekom
• Internet 2
• Cooperative university/business education and research project
• Adds new “toll lanes” to older Internet to speed things up
• Advances videoconferencing, research, collaboration

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 How the Internet works
Using Information Technology, 11e

Panel 2.5
Page 59
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 Internet Communications: Protocols, Packets,
& IP Addresses
• Handshaking & Authentication: Connecting to your ISP’s point of presence
(POP)
• Handshaking—fastest transmission speed established
• Authentication—correct password & user name
• Protocols
Using Information Technology, 11e

• The set of rules a computer follows to electronically transmit data.

• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the Internet protocol
• Developed in 1978 by ARPA; used for all Internet transactions
• Packets
• Fixed-length blocks of data for transmission, determined by TCP/IP
• Data transmissions are broken up into packets and re-assembled at destination (the IP—Internet
Protocol— address)

22
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 IP (Internet Protocol) Addresses

• Every device connected to the Internet has an address

• Each IP address uniquely identifies that device
• The address is four sets of numbers
separated by periods (e.g., 1.160.10.240)
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Each number is between 0 and 255

• Dynamic IP addresses change with every
use; individual computer users are
assigned static IP addresses when they log
on
• Static IP addresses don’t change
(established organizations – including ISPs
– and companies have static IP addresses,
which they pay for)
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 Who Runs the Internet?

• Basically, no one owns the Internet

• The board of trustees of the Internet Society (ISOC) oversees the
standards
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
Using Information Technology, 11e

and Numbers (ICANN) regulates domain names

(such as .com, edu., .net) that overlie IP
addresses; ICANN does not control
content

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Using Information Technology, 11e

2.3 The World Wide Web

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 The Face of the Web: Browsers, Websites,
& Web Pages
The World Wide Web brought multimedia to the Internet.
• The web and the Internet are not the same; the web is multimedia-based,
and the Internet is not. The Internet is the infrastructure that supports the web.
• A browser is software that gets you to websites and their individual web
Using Information Technology, 11e

pages and displays the content in such a way that the content appears
mostly the same regardless of the computer, operating system, and display
monitor.
Examples = Internet Explorer
Mozilla FireFox
Apple Macintosh’s Safari
Google’s Chrome
Microsoft’s Bing
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 • Website
• The location on a particular computer (server) that has a unique address;
example = www.barnesandnoble.com, www.mcgraw-hill.com
• The website (server) could be anywhere — not necessarily at company
Using Information Technology, 11e

headquarters
• Web Page
• A document on the web that can include text, pictures, sound, and video
• The first page on a website is the Home page
• The Home page contains links to other pages on the website (and often
other websites)

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 How the Browser Finds Thing: URLs

• Uniform Resource Locator (URL): address for a web page

• A character string that points to a specific piece of information anywhere
on the web
• A website’s unique address
Using Information Technology, 11e

• It consists of
• The web protocol, http://
• The domain name of the web server
• The directory name or folder on that server
• The file within the directory, including optional extension

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 The Nuts & Bolts of the Web: HTML &
Hyperlinks
• TCP/IP— As explained (p. 60), general Internet Protocol
• HTTP—Protocol Used to Access World Wide Web
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Using Information Technology, 11e

• The “markup” language used in writing and publishing web pages

• Set of instructions used to specify document structure, formatting,
and links to other documents on the web
• Hypertext links connect one web document to another
hypertext link Tim Berners-Lee saw the possibility of using hyperlinks to link
any information to any other information over the Internet.

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 Using Your Browser to Get around the Web

• Web browsers interpret HTML and allow you to move around the
Internet and the web
• Come preinstalled on most PCs, but you can download others
• 5 basic elements
Using Information Technology, 11e

• URL (address)bar
• Menu bar
• Toolbar
• Workspace
• Status bar
(displays current status of the
web age; 100% = fully loaded)

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 • Browser’s Home Page
• The page you see when you open your web
browser
• You can change the Home Page on your browser
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Back, Forward, Home

• Use the browser’s icons to move
from one page to another (these
icons can appear on
different bars in different browsers)

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 • Navigation
• History List
• A list of websites you visited since you opened up your browser for this session
• Allows you to easily return to a particular site
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Bookmark
• Allows you to store the URL from a site on your computer so you can find it again
in another browser session
• To save the URL for a site, click on “Favorites” in Internet Explorer, “Bookmarks”
in Mozilla Firefox, or the star icon in the URL address bar in Chrome

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 • Interactivity with a web page
• Click on hyperlinks to transfer to another page
• Click on a radio button to choose an option
• Type text in a text box
Using Information Technology, 11e

and then hit Enter

• Click on scroll arrows to move up and down,
or side to side, on a page
• Click on different frames
(separate controllable
sections of a web page)

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 • Web portals: Starting points for finding information
• A portal is gateway website that offers a broad array of resources and
services, online shopping malls, email support, community forums, stock
quotes, travel info, and links to other categories
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Examples: Yahoo!, Google, Bing, Lycos, and AOL

• Most require you to log in, so you can
• Check the Home page for general
information
• Use the subject guide to find a topic you
want
• Use a keyword to search for a topic

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 Search Services & Search Engines

• Organizations that maintain databases accessible through websites to help you

find information on the internet
• Examples: portals like Yahoo! and Bing, plus Google, Ask.com, Gigablast
• Search services maintain search engines—programs that users can use to ask questions
or use keywords to find information
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Databases of search engines are compiled using software programs called spiders
(crawler, bots, agents)
• Spiders crawl through the World Wide Web
• Follow links from one page to another
• Index the words on that site
• A search never covers the entire web
• Search engines differ in what they cover

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 Four Web Search Tools

1. Individual Search Engines

• Compile their own searchable databases on the web
• You search by typing keywords and receiving “hits”
• Examples are Ask, Bing, Google, and Yahoo!
Using Information Technology, 11e

2. Subject Directories
• Created and maintained by human editors, not electronic spiders
• Allow you to search for information by selecting lists of categories or topics
• Example sites are Beaucoup!, LookSmart, Open Directory Project, and
Yahoo! Directory

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 3. Metasearch Engines
▪ Allows you to search several search engines simultaneously
▪ Examples are Yippy!, Dogpile, Mamma, MetaCrawler, and Webcrawler
4. Specialized Search Engines
Using Information Technology, 11e

▪ Help locate specialized subject matter, such as info on movies, health, jobs
▪ Examples are Career.com. WebMD, Expedia, U.S. Census Bureau

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 Smart Searching: Three General Strategies

• If you’re just browsing . . .

• Try a subject directory
• Next try a metasearch engine
• If you’re looking for specific information . . .
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Try a Answers.com “one-click” search

• Or go to a general search engine, then a specialized one
• If you’re looking for everything on a subject . . .
• Try the same search on several search engines

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 Wikis & Wikipedia

• A wiki is a simple piece of software that can be

downloaded for free and used to make a website (also called a
wiki) that can be corrected or added to by anyone.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia that anyone around the

world can contribute to or edit. It has more than 25 million
articles in more than 285 languages; over 4.1 million articles
appear in the English Wikipedia alone. However, Wikipedia is
not considered reliable or authoritative by many academics
and librarians.

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 Multimedia Search Tools

• Still images—e.g., Google Image Search, Bing Images, Fagan Finder

• Audio—e.g., Yahoo! Music, Lycos MP3 Search
• Video—e.g., AlltheWeb, AOL.video
• Scholarly—e.g., Google Scholar
Using Information Technology, 11e

40
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 Tagging

• Tags: Do-it-yourself labels that people can put on anything found

on the Internet, from articles to photos to videos, that help them to
find their favorite sites again and to link them.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Can be shared easily with other people

• Tags are commonly used on blogs and YouTube – word listed at the
bottom. Essentially tags are keywords used to classify content.  (The # is a
hash symbol; thus the Twitter term hashtag. )
• Tag managing is available through delicious.com and BlinkList,
among other companies.

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 UNIT 2B: The Riches & Risks of Internet Use
Using Information Technology, 11e

42
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 2.4 Email, Instant
Using Information Technology, 11e

Messaging, & Other Ways

of Communicating over
the Net
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 Email

• Outgoing mail: sent from your computer to a Simple Mail

Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server run by your ISP
• Incoming mail: Email sent to your computer: uses Post Office
Using Information Technology, 11e

Protocol version 3 (POP3)

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Using Information Technology, 11e

Page 77
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 • Two ways to send & receive email:
1. Email Program
• Enables you to send email by running email software on your computer that interacts
with an email server at your Internet access provider
• Incoming mail is stored on the server in an electronic mailbox
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Upon access (your ID and password), mail is sent to your software’s inbox
• Examples: Microsoft Outlook, Apple Mail
2. Web-Based Email
• You send and receive messages by interacting via a browser with a website
• Advantage: You can easily send and receive messages while traveling, using any
computer or equipped mobile device
• Examples: Yahoo! Mail and Gmail (Google)
• Disadvantages are ads and email hacking

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 • Using email
Get an email address from your ISP, following this format:
Using Information Technology, 11e

47
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 Tips for Using Email
1. Use the address-book feature to
store email addresses
2. Use folders to organize email
Using Information Technology, 11e

3. Be careful with attachments

4. Be aware of email netiquette

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 • Email Attachments
• A copy of a file or document that you send attached to an email to one or
more people
• Recipients must have compatible software to open the attachment; for
Using Information Technology, 11e

example, if they don’t have Excel, they probably can’t read the
spreadsheet you sent them.
• Be careful about opening attachments:
• Many viruses hide in them; scan them with antivirus software
• Know who has sent the attachment before you open it

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 Netiquette: Appropriate Online Behavior

• Don’t waste people’s time.

• Don’t write anything that you would not say to a person’s face.
• Include helpful subject and signature lines.
• Be clear and concise.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Avoid spelling and grammatical errors.

• Avoid SHOUTING and flaming.
Also:
• Be careful with jokes.
• Avoid sloppiness, but avoid criticizing other’s sloppiness.
• Don’t send huge file attachments unless requested.
• When replying, quote only the relevant portion.
• Don’t overforward (don’t copy emails to everyone you know).
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 Instant Messaging

• Instant messaging enables you to communicate by email with

specified other users (“buddies”) in real time.
• Any user on a given email system can send a message and have it
Using Information Technology, 11e

pop up instantly on the screen of anyone logged into that system.

• To get IM: Download IM software from a supplier
• Examples: AOL/AIM, Google Chat, Windows Messenger, Yahoo!
Messenger
• Done on computers; is not the same as texting.

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 Discussion Groups

• Mailing Lists:
• One-way (to make announcements) or two-way (for discussions) email subscription lists
• Email discussion groups on special-interest topics, in which all subscribers receive email
messages sent to the group’s email address
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Newsgroups:
• Giant electronic bulletin board for written discussions about specific subjects
• To participate you need a newsreader program
• Message Boards:
• Special-interest discussion groups without newsreaders
• Accessed through a web browser
• A collection of messages on a particular topic is called a thread

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 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

• Software standard for transferring large files between

computers, including those with different
operating systems
• You can also transfer files from an FTP site on the
Using Information Technology, 11e

Internet to your PC
• FTP sites offer many free files
• FTP sites may be either public or proprietary
• You can download using your web browser or FTP client
programs, such as Fetch, Cute, FileZilla, and SmartFTP

53
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 2.5 The Online
Using Information Technology, 11e

Gold Mine
Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting, Blogs,
E-Commerce, & Social Networking

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 Telephony: The Internet Telephone

• Uses the Internet to make phone calls via VoIP (Voice

over Internet Protocol)
• Long-distance calls are either very inexpensive or free
Using Information Technology, 11e

• With no PC, dial a special phone number to packetize your call for
a standard telephone
• Use with a PC that has a sound card, microphone, Internet
connection with modem & ISP, and internet telephone software
such as Skype and Vonage
• Also allows videoconferencing
55
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 Multimedia on the Web

• Allows you to get images, sound, video, and animation

• May require a plug-in, player, or viewer
• A downloadable program that adds a specific feature to a browser so it can
view certain files
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Examples: Flash, RealPlayer, QuickTime

• Multimedia Applets
• Small programs that can be quickly downloaded and run by most browsers
• Java is the most common Applet language
• Text & Images: great variety available
• Example: Google Earth

(continued) 56
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 • Animation
• The rapid sequencing of still images to create the appearance of motion
• Used in video games and web images that seem to move, such as banners
• Video & Audio
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Downloaded completely before the file can be played, or

• Downloaded as streaming video/audio
• Examples: RealVideo and RealAudio

57
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 The Web Automatically Comes to You

• Push technology: Software that automatically downloads information to

personal computers.
• Webcasting: Sending users customized text, video, audio on regular
basis.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• RSS newsreaders (RSS aggregators): Programs that scour the web,

sometimes hourly, sometimes more frequently, and pull together in one
place “feeds” from several websites. RSS is based on XML, or extensible
markup language, a web-document tagging and formatting language that
is an advance over HTML and that two computers can use to exchange
information.

58
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 • XML and RSS have led to blogs and blogosphere.
• Blogs (weblogs) are frequently updated sites on the web
intended for public consumption that contain a writer’s
Using Information Technology, 11e

observations, opinions, images, and links to other websites.

• Podcasting: Internet radio or similar Internet audio program
delivered via RSS feed to a subscriber to be played back on
computer or digital audio device.

59
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 E-Commerce: B2B, B2C, & C2C

• E-Commerce (electronic commerce): conducting business activities online

• E-commerce has led to showrooming, the phenomenon in which shoppers
browse for products in stores, only to buy them from an online rival,
frequently at a lower price.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• B2B is business-to-business e-commerce.

• Business-to-consumer commerce, or B2C, is the electronic sale or exchange
of goods and services from the companies directly to the public, or end users
(e.g., online banking, online shopping, online stock trading).
• Consumer-to-consumer commerce, or C2C, is the electronic sale or
exchange of goods and services between individuals (e.g., auctions).
Discussion Question: Have you every sold anything on eBay? Used PayPal? Did
you have any problems? What would you warn people about?
60
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 Web 2.0: The Social Web

• Web 2.0 refers to the web viewed as a medium in which interactive experience, in
the form of blogs, wikis, forums, social networking, and so on, plays a more
important role than simply accessing information.
• The move toward a more social, collaborative, interactive, and responsive web; has
led to the “social web,” giving rise to:
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Social networking sites: Online communities that allow members to keep track
of friends and share photos, videos, music, stories, and ideas (e.g., Facebook,
LinkedIn).
• Media-sharing sites: Online social networks in which members share media
such as photos, videos, music, ideas (e.g., YouTube, Flicker, Shutterfly).
• Social-network aggregators: Collect content from all of a user’s various social
network profiles into one place, then allow him or her to track friends and share
other social network activities (e.g., Mugshot, Readr). 61
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 Web 3.0: Computer-Generated Information

• In Web 3.0, information will be computer-generated with less

human interaction required to discover and integrate that
information.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Two ideas might form the basis for Web 3.0— semantic markup
and a personal browser.
• Semantic markup: Data interchange formats that will allow machines to
understand the meaning—or “semantics”—of information on the web.
• The Web 3.0 browser will probably act as a personal assistant because
every user will have a unique Internet profile based on his or her browsing
history. The more you use the Web, the more your browser learns about
you and the less specific you'll need to be with your questions.
62
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Using Information Technology, 11e

2.6 The Intrusive Internet

Snooping, Spamming, Spoofing, Phishing,
Pharming, Cookies, Spyware, & Malware

© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 • Snooping
• Email is not private
• Corporate management has the
Using Information Technology, 11e

right to view employees’ email.

• Friends can send email anywhere.
• Not all ISPs protect their customers’ privacy.
• Deleted emails can be retrieved from a hard disk.

64
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 • Spam: Electronic Junk Mail
• Unsolicited email that takes up your time.
• Delete it without opening the message.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Never reply to a spam message.

• Do not click on “unsubscribe” at the bottom of an email.
• When you sign up for something, don’t give your email address.
• Use spam filters.
• Fight back by reporting new spammers to www.abuse.net or
www.spamhaus.org.

65
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 • Spoofing
• Using fake email sender names so the message appears to be from a
different source, so you will trust it.
• If you don’t know the sender, don’t open it.
• Phishing
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Sending forged email directing recipient to fake website.

• Purpose: to entice people to share personal or financial data.
• Fake website looks like real website, such as a bank’s.
• Pharming
• Implanting malicious software on a victim’s computer that redirects the user to an
impostor web page even when the individual types the correct address into his or
her browser.
• Use websites with URLs that begin with “https://
• Some spyware removal programs can correct the corruption. 66
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 Phishing Examples

Phishing examples
Using Information Technology, 11e

"YOUR NET ID ACCOUNT"

Phishing Scam (3/31/2013)

https://wiki.library.ucsb.edu/display/SYSPUB/Latest+Phishing+Attempts
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 Cookies

• Little text files left on your hard disk by some websites

you visit.
• Can include your log-in name, password, browser
preferences, and credit card information.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Every time you load a particular website, the browser

sends the cookie back to the server to notify the website of your previous activity.
• Can make visiting these websites next time more convenient and faster.
• But cookies can be used to gather information about you and your browsing habits
and history; this information can be used without your consent.
• A first-party cookie is a cookie from a website that you have visited. Third-party
cookies are placed by trusted partners of the websites you visit. (Third-party cookies
are frequently placed by ad networks.) 68
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 Spyware : Adware, Browser & Search Hijackers, & Key Loggers

• Spyware is software surreptitiously installed on your computer

via the web.
• Spyware hides on your PC/device and captures information about
Using Information Technology, 11e

what is on the it, such as keystrokes and passwords

69
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 • Adware, or pop-up generator, is a
kind of spyware that tracks web
surfing or online buying so that
Using Information Technology, 11e

marketers can send you targeted

and unsolicited pop-up and other
ads.
• Browser hijackers change settings in your
browser without your knowledge, often changing
your browser’s home page and replacing it with
another web page.
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 • Search hijackers intercept your legitimate search requests made to
real search engines and return results from phony search services
designed to send you to sites they run.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Key loggers, or keystroke loggers, can record each character you

type and transmit that information to someone else on the Internet,
making it possible for strangers to learn your passwords and other
information.

© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Malware

• There are many forms of malicious software—so-called malware—that can

harm a computer system, a common danger being viruses.
• A virus is a rogue program that migrates through the Internet or via operating
systems and attaches itself to different programs that spread from one
Using Information Technology, 11e

computer to another, leaving infections.

• The principal defense is to install antivirus software, which scans a computer
to detect viruses and, sometimes, to destroy them.

© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 How to Reduce Malware Risks

• Download virus protection software, such as McAfee VirusScan ( www.mcafee.com ) or Norton AntiVirus (
www.symantec.com/nav ); then follow instructions for installing it on your machine. (Don’t use antivirus
software from companies you know nothing about.)
• Scan your entire system with antivirus software the first time it’s installed; then scan it regularly after that.
Also scan any new CDs and drives before using them.
• Don’t open, download, or execute any files, email messages, or email attachments if the source is unknown
Using Information Technology, 11e

or if the subject line of an email is questionable or unexpected.

• Delete all spam and email messages from strangers. Don’t open, forward, or reply to such messages.
• Use webmail sparingly, since viruses can hide in the HTML coding of the email. Even
• the simple act of previewing the message in your email program can activate the virus
• and infect your computer.
• Don’t start your computer with a flash drive, USB thumb drive, or CD/DVD in place.
• Back up your data files regularly, and keep at least one backup device in a location separate from your
computer or use an online (cloud) backup service.
• If you discover you have a virus, ask McAfee or Norton to scan your computer online; then follow its
directions for cleaning or deleting the virus. (A computer tech person can do this, too.)

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 Passwords

• Never choose a real word or variations of your or your family’s name, address, phone
number, Social Security number, license plate, or birth date.
• Don’t use passwords that can be easily guessed, such as “12345” or “password.”
• Avoid any word that appears in a dictionary. Instead, mix letters, numbers, and punctuation marks in
an oddball sequence of no fewer than eight characters, such as 2b/orNOT2b% and Alfred!E!
Using Information Technology, 11e

Newman7. Or choose a password that is memorable but shift the position of your fingers on the
keyboard, so that, for instance, TIMBERWOLVES becomes YO,NRTEP;BRD when you move your
fingers one position right. For sensitive sites, such as financial accounts, create long passwords, such
as 15-character passwords.
• Don’t use the same password for multiple sites, so that if someone obtains the password to one
account, that person won’t have access to your entire online life.
• Don’t write passwords on sticky notes or in a notebook or tape them under your keyboard. Don’t carry
the passwords in your wallet. If you have to write down all your passwords, find a safe place to put
the paper, or use a software password manager, such as Kaspersky Password Manager, RoboForm
Everywhere, or Last Pass Premium.
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.