CNS Unit-Ii

UNIT-2
SYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION
 Topics
Mathematics of Symmetric Key Cryptography
Introduction to Modern Symmetric Key Ciphers
Data Encryption Standard
Advanced Encryption Standard
Prepared by
L BUJJIBABU
D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Mathematics of Symmetric Key Cryptography
The two basic building blocks of all encryption

techniques are substitution and transposition.
A substitution technique is one in which the
letters of plaintext are replaced by other letters or by
numbers or symbols.
A very different kind of mapping is achieved by
performing some sort of permutation on the
plaintext letters. This technique is referred to as a
transposition cipher.

The subsitution techniques have a four techniques
 caeser cipher
 Monoalphabetic cipher
 play fair cipher
 hill cipher
 polyalphabetic cipher

Caesar Cipher:
caeser cipher involves replacing each letter of the alphabet
with the letter standing three place further down the
alphabet
plain: meet me after the toga party
cipher: PHHW PH DIWHU WKH WRJD SDUWB
we can define transposition listing
plain: a b c d e f g h I j k l m
cipher: D E F G H I K L M N O P Q
The algorithm can be expressed:
plain text p, subsitution the cipher text c2
c=E(3,p)=(p+3)mod 26
general caeser algorithm:
c=E(k,p)=(p+k)mod 26
Three important characteristics of this problem
1.Encryption and Decryption algorithm
2.There are 25 key
3.The language are plaintext the text
file compressed using algorithm called ZIP EX:BRUTE
FORCE CRYPTANALYSIS OF CAESER CIPHER
PHHW PH WKH
OGGU OG VJG

Playfair Cipher
one approach to improving security was to encrypt
multiple letters
 the Playfair Cipher is an example
 invented by Charles Wheatstone in 1854, but named after
his friend Baron Playfair

Playfair Key Matrix
• a 5X5 matrix of letters based on a
keyword
(I and J aren’t distinguished)
•fill in letters of keyword (sans duplicates)
• fill rest of matrix with other letters
•eg. using the keyword MONARCHY
MONAR
CHYBD
EFGIK
LPQST
UVWXZ
Encrypting and Decrypting
plaintext encrypted two letters at a time:
1. each letter is replaced by the one in its row in the column
of the other letter of the pair, eg. “hs" encrypts to "BP",
and “ea" to "IM" or "JM" (as desired). Except when that
doesn’t work!
2. . if a pair is a repeated letter, insert a filler like 'X',
eg. "balloon" transformed to "ba lx lo on“
3. if both letters fall in the same row, replace each with
letter to right (wrapping back to start from end),
eg. “ar" encrypts as "RM"
4. if both letters fall in the same column, replace each with
the letter below it (again wrapping to top from bottom),
eg. “mu" encrypts to "CM
Polyalphabetic Ciphers
another approach to improving security is to use multiple
cipher alphabets
called polyalphabetic substitution ciphers
 makes cryptanalysis harder with more alphabets to guess
and flatter frequency distribution
 use a key to select which alphabet is used for each letter
of the message
 use each alphabet in turn
 repeat from start after end of key is reached

Vigenère Cipher
 simplest polyalphabetic substitution cipher is the
Vigenère Cipher
effectively multiple caesar ciphers
 key is multiple letters long K = k1 k2 ... Kd
 i th letter specifies ith alphabet to use  use each
alphabet in turn
 repeat from start after d letters in message
 decryption simply works in reverse

Example
 write the plaintext out
write the keyword repeated above it
 use each key letter as a caesar cipher key
 encrypt the corresponding plaintext letter
 eg: using keyword deceptive
key: deceptivedeceptivedeceptive
plaintext: wearediscoveredsaveyourself
cipher text: ZICVTWQNGRZGVTWAVZHCQYGLMGJ

Autokey Cipher
 ideally want a key as long as the message
 Vigenère proposed the autokey cipher
 with keyword is prefixed to message as key
 knowing keyword can recover the first few letters
 use these in turn on the rest of the message
 but still have frequency characteristics to attack eg.
given key deceptive
key: deceptivewearediscoveredsav
plaintext: wearediscoveredsaveyourself
cipher text: ZICVTWQNGKZEIIGASXSTSLVVWLA

Transposition Ciphers
 Consider classical transposition or
permutation ciphers
these hide the message by rearranging the
letter order
without altering the actual letters used
can recognize these since have the same
frequency distribution as the original text

Rail Fence cipher
 write message letters out diagonally over a number of
rows
 then read off cipher row by row
eg. write message out as:
mematrhtgpry
etefeteoaat
giving ciphertext
MEMATRHTGPRYETEFETEOAAT

Row Transposition Ciphers
a more complex scheme
 write letters of message out in rows over a specified
number of columns
then reorder the columns according to some key before
reading off the rows
Key: 4312567
Plaintext: a t t a c k p
ostpone
duntIlt
woamxyz
Ciphertext: TTNAAPTMTSUOAODWCOIXKNLYPETZ
The Feistel Cipher:
Feistel proposed the use of a cipher that alternates
substitutions and permutations
Substitution: Each plaintext element or group of
elements is uniquely replaced by a corresponding
cipher text element or group of elements.
Permutation: A sequence of plaintext elements is
replaced by a permutation of that sequence

FEISTEL CIPHER STRUCTURE
A substitution is performed on the left half of the
data
This is done by applying a round function F
Permutation is performed that consists of the
interchange of the two halves of the data
a Feistel network depends on the choice of the
following parameters and design features:
Block Size
Key size
No. of Rounds
Sub key generation algorithm
Round function F
Fig: Feistel Cipher
structures

FEISTEL Encryption and Decryption

Data Encryption Standard (DES):
DES is a Symmetric-key algorithm for the
encryption of electronic data.
DES originated at IBM in 1977 & was adopted by the
U.S Department of Defence. Now it is under the
NIST (National Institute of Standard & Technology)
Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a widely-used
method of data encryption using a private (secret)
key
DES applies a 56-bit key to each 64-bit block of
data. The process can run in several modes and
involves 16 rounds or operations.

Simple Structure of DES Algorithm

Flow Diagram of DES Algorithm for encrypting Data

Permutation Tables for DES

To see that these two permutation functions are indeed the
inverse of each other, consider the following 64-bit input M:
Where Mi is a binary digit. Then the permutation X =

(IP(M)) is as follows:

DETAILS OF SINGLE ROUND
Below figure shows the internal structure of a single
round. Again, begin by focusing on the left-hand side
of the diagram. The left and right halves of each 64-bit
intermediate value are treated as separate 32-bit
quantities, labeled L (left) and R (right). As in any
classic Feistel cipher, the overall processing at each
round can be summarized in the following formulas:

Fig: Single Round Function of DES Algorithm

Fig: Calculation of F(R,K)

KEY GENERATION:
Returning to above all figures, we see that a 64-bit
key is used as input to the algorithm. The bits of the key
are numbered from 1 through 64; every eighth bit is
ignored, as indicated by the lack of shading in the above
Table The key is first subjected to a permutation
governed by a table labeled Permuted Choice One Table .
DES DECRYPTION:
Whatever process we following in the encryption that
process is used for decryption also but the order of key is
changed on input message (cipher text).
Reverse order of keys are K16, K15 ,……, K1.

THE STRENGTH OF DES:
The Use of 56-Bit Keys:
With a key length of 56 bits, there are 256 possible
keys, which is approximately 7.2 x 1016.
A brute-force attack appears impractical.
a single machine performing one DES encryption per
microsecond would take more than a thousand years
to break the cipher

Triple DES (3DES):
Triple DES is simply another mode of DES operation.
It takes three 64-bit keys, for an overall key length of
192 bits.
The Triple DES then breaks the user provided key into
three subkeys, padding the keys if necessary so they
are each 64 bits long.
The procedure for encryption is exactly the same as
regular DES, but it is repeated three times. Hence the
name Triple DES. The data is encrypted with the first
key, decrypted with the second key, and finally
encrypted again with the third key.

ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES):
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was
published by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) in 2001.
AES is a block cipher intended to replace DES for
commercial applications.
It uses a 128-bit block size and a key size of 128, 192, or
256 bits.
AES does not use a Feistel structure. Instead, each full
round consists of four separate functions: byte
substitution, permutation, arithmetic operations over
a finite field, and XOR with a key

AES parameters:


Inner Workings of a Round
The algorithm begins with an Add round key stage
followed by 9 rounds of four stages and a tenth round
of three stages. This applies for both encryption and
decryption with the exception that each stage of a
round the decryption algorithm is the inverse of its
counterpart in the encryption algorithm. The four
stages are as follows:
1. Substitute bytes
2. Shift rows
3. Mix Columns
4. Add Round Key

The tenth round simply leaves out the Mix Columns
stage. The first nine rounds of the decryption
algorithm consist of the following:
1. Inverse Shift rows

2. Inverse Substitute bytes
3. Inverse Add Round Key
4. Inverse Mix Columns

Fig: Structure of the AES Algorithm

Substitute Bytes:
This stage (known as SubBytes) is simply a table
lookup using a 16×16 matrix of byte values called an s-
box.
Fig: Data structures in the AES algorithm.

Fig: Substitute Bytes Stage of the AES Algorithm

Shift Rows Transformation:
Shift row transformation are two types.
Forward Shift row transformation which is used in encryption.
Inverse Shift row transformation which is used in decryption.

FORWARD SHIFT ROW TRANSFORMATION:
The first row of State matrix is not altered.
For the second row, a 1-byte circular left shift is performed.
For the third row, a 2-byte circular left shift is performed.
For the fourth row, a 3-byte circular left shift is performed.


The following is an example of Shift Rows:
INVERSE SHIFT ROWS:

Performs the circular shifts in the opposite direction
for each of the last three rows, with a one-byte circular
right shift for the second row and soon

MIX COLUMNS TRANSFORMATION:
Mix columns transformation are two types.
1. Forward Mix columns transformation which is
used in encryption.
2. Inverse Mix columns transformation which is used
in decryption.


Forward Mix columns transformation:
Forward Mix columns transformation called mix
columns, operates on each column individually. Each
byte of a column is mapped into a new value that is a
function of all 4 bytes in that column. The
transformation can be defined by the following matrix
multiplication on state.

Inverse Mix columns transformation:
The inverse mix column transformation, called
InvMixColumns, is defined by the following matrix
multiplication:

AddRoundKey Transformation:
In the forward add round key transformation, called
AddRoundKey, the 128 bits of State are bitwise XORed
with the 128 bits of the round key.
The inverse add round key transformation is identical
to the forward add round key transformation, because
the XOR operation is its own inverse.

AES Key Expansion:
The 128-bit key value can be expanded into 44 words
i.e. 44X32=1408bits
In each round 4 words will be used i.e. 4x32=128 bits
In Addroundkey first 4 words w0,w1,w2,w3 are used.
In first round, w4, w5, w6, w7 are used and soon.

The 128 bit key is expanded as follows
First 128 bit key is arranged as a 4x4 matrix each value size is
8-bits
The first 32 bits (k0,k1,k2,k3) is considered as w0.
Next 4 words w4,w5,w6,w7 are followed as

w4=w0 ⊕ w3
w5=w1 ⊕ w4
w6=w2 ⊕w5
w7=w3 ⊕w6

Fig: Key Expansion

Objective type Questions:
Cryptographic algorithms are based on mathematical algorithms where these
algorithms use ___________ for a secure transformation of data.
a) secret key
b) external programs
c) add-ons
d) secondary key
Answer: a
 Cryptography can be divided into ______ types.
a) 5
b) 4
c) 3
d) 2
Answer: d (Classic & Modern)
There are ________ types of cryptographic techniques used in general.
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: b

Conventional cryptography is also known as _____________ or symmetric-
key encryption.
a) secret-key
b) public key
c) protected key
d) primary key
Answer: a
 Data Encryption Standard is an example of a _____________ cryptosystem.
a) conventional
b) public key
c) hash key
d) asymmetric-key
Answer: a
_______________ cryptography deals with traditional characters, i.e., letters
& digits directly.
a) Modern
b) Classic
c) Asymmetric
d) Latest
Answer: b

The method of reverting the encrypted text which is known
as cipher text to its original form i.e. plain text is known as
________________
a) cryptanalysis
b) decryption
c) reverse engineering
d) encryption
Answer: b
______________ is the mathematical procedure or algorithm
which produces a cipher-text for any specified plaintext.
a) Encryption Algorithm
b) Decryption Algorithm
c) Hashing Algorithm
d) Tuning Algorithm
Answer: a

_______________ takes the plain text and the key as input for creating cipher-text.
a) Decryption Algorithm
b) Hashing Algorithm
c) Tuning Algorithm
d) Encryption Algorithm
Answer: a
A set of all probable decryption keys are collectively termed as ____________
a) key-stack
b) key bunch
c) key space
d) key pack
Answer: c
In _____________________ same keys are implemented for encrypting as well as
decrypting the information.
a) Symmetric Key Encryption
b) Asymmetric Key Encryption
c) Asymmetric Key Decryption
d) Hash-based Key Encryption
Answer: a

The DES Algorithm Cipher System consists of ____________rounds (iterations)
each with a round key
a) 12
b) 18
c) 9
d) 16
Answer: d
The DES algorithm has a key length of
a) 128 Bits
b) 32 Bits
c) 64 Bits
d) 16 Bits
Answer: c
In the DES algorithm the round key is __________ bit and the Round Input is
____________bits.
a) 48, 32
b) 64,32
c) 56, 24
d) 32, 32
Answer: a

 ____________ cryptography operates on binary-bit series and strings.
a) Modern
b) Classic
c) Traditional
d) Primitive
Answer: a
__________ cryptography has always been focusing on the concept of
‘security through obscurity’.
a) Modern
b) Asymmetric
c) Classic
d) Latest
Answer: c
________________ cryptography is based on publicly known mathematically
designed algorithms to encrypt the information.
a) Modern
b) Classic
c) Traditional
d) Primitive
Answer: a

In the DES algorithm the Round Input is 32 bits, which is expanded to 48 bits via
____________
a) Scaling of the existing bits
b) Duplication of the existing bits
c) Addition of zeros
d) Addition of ones
Answer: a
The Initial Permutation table/matrix is of size
a) 16×8
b) 12×8
c) 8×8
d) 4×8
Answer: c
The number of unique substitution boxes in DES after the 48 bit XOR operation
are
a) 8
b) 4
c) 6
d) 12
Answer: a

The number of tests required to break the DES algorithm are
a) 2.8×1014
b) 4.2×109
c) 1.84×1019
d) 7.2×1016
Answer: d
The number of tests required to break the Double DES algorithm are
a) 2112
b) 2111
c) 2128
d) 2119
Answer: b
 How many keys does the Triple DES algorithm use?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 2 or 3
d) 3 or 4
Answer: c
AES uses a ____________ bit block size and a key size of __________ bits.
a) 128; 128 or 256
b) 64; 128 or 192
c) 256; 128, 192, or 256
d) 128; 128, 192, or 256
Answer: d

Like DES, AES also uses Feistel Structure.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
 Which one of the following is not a cryptographic algorithm -
JUPITER, Blowfish, RC6, Rijndael and Serpent?
a) JUPITER
b) Blowfish
c) Serpent
d) Rijndael
Answer: a
. In AES the 4×4 bytes matrix key is transformed into a keys of size
__________
a) 32 words
b) 64 words
c) 54 words
d) 44 words
Answer: d

 For the AES-128 algorithm there are __________ similar rounds and
_________ round is different.
a) 2 pair of 5 similar rounds ; every alternate
b) 9 ; the last
c) 8 ; the first and last
d) 10 ; no
Answer: b
 Which of the 4 operations are false for each round in the AES
algorithm
i) Substitute Bytes
ii) Shift Columns
iii) Mix Rows
iv) XOR Round Key
a) i) only
b) ii) iii) and iv)
c) ii) and iii)
d) only iv)
Answer: b

Previous Questions:
1. Explain in detail Feistel Block Cipher structure with neat sketch.
Oct/Nov - 2018
2. Compare stream cipher with block cipher with an example . Oct/Nov –
2018
3. Discuss any four Substitution Technique and list their merits and
demerits . Oct/Nov – 2018
4. Draw the general structure of DES. Explain the encryption and
decryption process. Oct/Nov – 2018
5. Compare Substitution and Transposition techniques. Oct/Nov – 2018
6. What is a block cipher? Oct/Nov - 2018
7. Explain the DES algorithm in detail. Oct/Nov - 2018
8. Discuss various transformation functions of AES Oct/Nov - 2019
9. List the parameters of three AES versions. Oct/Nov - 2019
10. Compare the substitution in DES and AES. Oct/Nov - 2019
11. Compare the round keys in DES and AES. In which cipher is the size
of the round keys the same as the size of the block. Oct/Nov - 2019

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UNIT-2

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

The two basic building blocks of all encryption

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

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 invented by Charles Wheatstone in 1854, but named after

his friend Baron Playfair

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D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Where Mi is a binary digit. Then the permutation X =

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

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1. Inverse Shift rows

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Fig: Data structures in the AES algorithm.

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INVERSE SHIFT ROWS:

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D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

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D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

D N R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING