B.

Tech 7th Semester Major Project Presentation

Manufacturing of Paper from Groundnut Shell

Presented by:
Aryan Parmar (200305103740) Supervisor:
Harshraj Parmar (200305103741) Dr. Rohit Lade
Ravi Patel (200305103751) Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Dhaval Prajapati (200305103757)

Department of Chemical Engineering

Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University
 CONTENTS :
1. Background
2. Introduction
3. Literature review
4. Aim and Objective
5. Novelty
6. Methodology
7. Work Plan
8. Budget Approximation
9. Summary
10.References
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 BACKGROUND
 Paper is very important in daily life we can’t replace with other .
 For paper we are cutting many trees so its bad for the environment also human and animal
life If we don't cut down on its use, we will run out.
 Every year around 1.5 million plant cutting for making paper in the world.
 Therefore, huge research is been going on to search for alternatives.
 One such is Paper , which is also obtained from fiber material
like groundnut shell, corn skin etc.
 Sources of Paper fiber include ground nut shell corn skin and
many plants.

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 INTRODUCTION

 Groundnut botanically know as Arachis hypogaea belong to

leguminous family.
 In groundnut shell contains lignin(26%) and cellulose(62%)
because of these features the shell can be used for paper.

 It is the forth largest oil seed produced in in the world and India is second largest
producer in the world.

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 Why Groundnut Shell?
 Groundnut shell have high fiber content.
 Easily Available .
 Groundnut shell fibers possess good physical strength properties.
 The higher pentosane content together with gums of some species of groundnut
plant may be a suitable source for producing paper.
 Although, reports are available on utilization of groundnut shell fibre for textile,
pulp and paper making, but less reports are available developments of paper
using groundnut shell fibre.
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 Literature Review
SR Author
Title of literature Summary Journal / Volume
No: (year of publication)

Valorization of Waste
Carton Paper, Melon Seed  melon seed husks, and groundnut
Ubong W. Robert,
Husks, and Groundnut shells is proposed for thermal Springer Nature,
1 Ekong, Armstrong
Shells to Thermal insulation. Volume 6 ,254-260
Anonaba-2021
Insulation Panels for  disposal of the solid wastes
Structural Applications

Characterization of  sodium hydroxide treated GSP fibre

will be a suitable in the development Mohammed Awwalu Polymers from
groundnut shell powder as
2 of biodegradable polymer Usman, Abdulhafiz Renewable Resources
a potential reinforcement
 sodium hydroxide remove brownness Onimisi Usman-2021 1–15
for bio composites. from GS.

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 Literature Review
SR Title of literature Summary Author Journal / Volume
No: (year of publication)

 Kraft’s process lignin molecules Karthikeyan S,

Manufacture of Pulp Journal of Latest
broken more than 95%.
Anees Varghese K, Technology in Engineering,
Extraction to Produce  fibres extracted more than 85%
3 Maddekar Management & Applied
Paper from Ground Nut  12 gram of pulp was obtained from
Mohammed Sanan Science
Shell 20gram of groundnut shell.
-2019 Volume5(1) 2019

Investigation of Alpha-
4  Depectinization using ammonium Department of Mechanical
Cellulose Content of
oxalate Sunday Albert Engineering, Federal
Agro-Waste Products as
Alternatives for Paper  rice husk has more impurities than Lawal University of Technology
Production groundnut shell, therefore groundnut Minna, Nigeria -13(4), 258-
shell is better option for paper making Jan -2010 260
than rice husk.

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Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University
 Literature review
SR Title of literature Summary Author Journal / Volume
No: (year of publication)

5 Optimization of pulp  chemical pulping at low temperatures. P Musekiwa., Heliyon,

production from  Quality of paper is good. (2020) Volume 6, Issue 6.
groundnut shells using  It has low bleach consuption.
chemical pulping at low  Increase pulp yield due to higher
temperatures retention.

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 NOVELTY

 There are limited research on the paper which is made from

groundnut shell and limited research papers are available on this.
 Research paper we found in that they have not specify the property
of paper so we are working on physical property of the paper.
 We check Tensile strength, Friction factor, Moisture content,
Bursting strength, Folding endurance, Hardness, Softness,
Specific heat capacity, Ash content.
 By using polyurethane and butadiene to improve physical property
the quality of paper.
 Further stepping up the scale / commercialization potential.
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 AIM & OBJECTIVE
Aim:
 The aim is to obtain Paper from Groundnut Shell.
Objective:
 Collection of Groundnut Shell.
 Cleaning and Pulping process.
 Filtration and washing of pulp.
 Bleaching.
 Drying.
 Find solutions and ways to enlarge the commercial scope.

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 METHODOLOGY
Filtration &
Bleaching
Crusher washing
Adhesive

Kraft
Washing pulp
Pressing Drying

Paper

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 Process Step

 Initially Groundnut Shells are taken and washed several times with water to remove
dust and soil particles present on it. Later it is cut into long pieces. They are crushed
to remove water content and later dried at 80ºC for about 30 minutes to further reduce
the water content.
 For cooking liquor to be prepared chemicals must be taken in right proportions so that
effective cooking would happen. Kraft pulping consists of following chemicals
NaOH, Na2SO4, and Na2CO3. These three chemicals must combine to give total of
12.5% by weight solution.
 Once the cooking liquor is prepared 400ml of it is taken separately in a 100ml beaker
to which 5 grams of raw material is added and the level is marked.
 The heat is supplied by means of hot plate for about 4hr 30min at a temperature of
90ºC. At the same time stirring is done continuously throughout the process.

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 Process Step

 In the process of digestion the strong basic cooking liquor and the action of heat
combine and help breaking the bonds in lignin molecules. The broken lignin
molecules dissolve in cooking liquor there by turning it into dark brown color called
as Black liquor and cellulose remaining unaltered is present in the cooking medium as
brown stock along with the traces of lignin
 The mixture filtered using cloth to obtain black liquor as waste that contains cooking
chemicals that can be recovered. One time filtration doesn’t remove the lignin traces
completely. So, once the It is washed several times with 1000ml of water to reduce
the lignin content (about 5 times).Finally, the obtained product from the filtration
must be in such a way that lignin traces must be less in amounts.
 Once filtration and washing is completed the washed pulp is dissolved in 200ml of
water to which 5grams bleaching powder is added to completely remove the brown
color to obtain white paper grade pulp.
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 Process Step

 Once bleaching process is done add adhesive chemical for increase a strength and
send in to dryer for removal of water.
 To remove entire water content in the bleached pulp, it is dried at a temperature of
100ºC for one hour in hot air oven.
 Dry material send in to pressing for making paper after all above process we get light
brown paper.

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 Characterization Techniques

 Tensile Strength
 Moisture Absorption
 Hardness and Softness
 Specific Heat Capacity
 Ash Content
 Bursting Strength
 Folding Endurance

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 WORK PLAN

WORK PLAN MONTH-2022

Analysis of Research July

Review of Research Paper July-August

Experimentation September - October

Result and Conclusion November

Report Writing December

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 BUDGET APPROXIMATION

Type Of Expenditure Price (INR)

Materials cost 900 RS.
Testing cost 2400 RS.
TOTAL 3300 RS.

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 SUMMARY
 Paper is important thing in human life but high demand of paper we are cutting a trees
this is a big issue in our environment so we can use alternatives.
 Ground shell have a high fiber and waste material so we are making a paper from that
waste and reduce a uses of paper.
 By Kraft’s process lignin molecules broken more than 95%. 76.18% cellulosic fibre
extracted from groundnut shell.
 In this process adding an adhesive material improve a Strength and quality of paper.
 Still quality of the paper is another challenge, and current methods are considerably
expensive and slow return of investment.
 However with the advancing technology and positive incentive, Groundnut shell paper
might become quality production.
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 REFERENCES

 Berhanu H., Kiflie Z., Neiva D., Gominho J., Feleke S., Yimam A., Pereira H. Optimization of ethanol-alkali
delignification of false banana (Ensete ventricosum) fibers for pulp production using response surface
methodology. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2018;126:426–433.
 Corcelli F., Fiorentino G., Vehmas J., Ulgiati S. Energy efficiency and environmental assessment of
papermaking from chemical pulp - a Finland case study. J. Clean. Prod. 2018;198:96–111.
 Lehto J., Alén R. Chemical pretreatments of wood chips prior to alkaline pulping - a review of pretreatment
alternatives, chemical aspects of the resulting liquors, and pulping outcomes. BioResources.
2015;10(4):8604–8656.
 Ek M. De Gruyter; Berlin: 2009. Pulping Chemistry and Technology.
 Fuqua M.A., Huo S., Ulven C.A. Natural fiber reinforced composites. Polym. Rev. 2012;52(3):259–320.
 Kamoga O., Byaruhanga J., Kirabira J. A review on pulp manufacture from non wood plant materials.
Int. J. Chem. Eng. Appl. 2013:144–148.
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production. J Mater. Res. Technol. 2015;4(3):254–261.
 Laftah W.A., Rahman W.A.W.A. Pulping process and the potential of using nonwood pineapple leaves fiber
for pulp and paper production: a review. J. Nat. Fiber. 2016;13:85–102.
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 REFERENCES

 Li J., Zhang C., Hu H., Chai X. Effect of shortening kraft pulping integrated with extended
oxygen delignification on biorefinery process performance of eucalyptus. Bioresour. Technol.
2016;202:119–124
 Ramgopal Y., Chaitanya V., Chowdary M. A study on production of pulp from ground nut shells. Int. J.
Sci. Eng. Res. 2016;7(6):423–428.
 Shukry N., El-Meadawy S., Nassar M. Pulping with organic acids: 3-acetic acid pulping of Bagasse. J.
Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2007;54(2):135–143.
 Tavast D., Brännvall E. Increased pulp yield by prolonged impregnation in softwood kraft pulping.
Nord. Pulp Pap Res. J. 2017;32(1):14–20.
 Vu T., A.R., Pakkanen H. Delignification of bamboo (Bambusa procera acher) Part 2. Characterisation
of kraft black liquors from different cooking conditions. Holzforschung. 2003;57(6):619–626.
 Wan Rosli W.D., Mazlan I., Law K.N. Effects of kraft pulping variables on pulp and paper properties of
Acacia Mangium kraft pulp. Cell. Technol. 2009;43(1):9–15.
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