Chapter 9 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 9 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 9 Genetic Engineering
Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson you should be able to
• Manipulation and
alteration of genes
• Three applications: one
plant, one animal, one
micro-organism
Process involving
isolation, transformation,
and expression
Genetic Engineering
Is:
Artificially copying a piece of DNA from one
organism and joining this copy of DNA into the
DNA of another organism
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Purpose of Genetic Engineering
It allows genes from one organism to be inserted
into a cell of a different organism of a different
species.
Examples:
– Human genes can be inserted into a
bacterium
– Human genes can be inserted into cells from
other animals
– Bacterium genes can be inserted into plant
cells
Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering means that DNA from
different organisms can be combined
• Gene transfer
-moving a gene from one organism to another.
What Transgenic means
• 'Trans-' means 'crossing from one place to another‘
For example
Plants that resists a particular type of weed killer https://www.healthproductsguru.com
Sheep which makes some special substance in its milk.
Learning Check
1. What the word transgenic mean?
1. Isolation
2. Cutting
4. Transformation
5. Expression
1. Isolation
(a) Isolation of a specific gene from donor e.g. human
Plasmid
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2. Cutting
• Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut DNA at
specific sites called restriction sites
Restriction site
Restriction
site Restriction
ezymes
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2. Cutting
Restriction site Restriction site
Donor DNA
Plasmid
Restriction
enzymes
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Cutting
Donor DNA
(bacterial DNA)
http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/pages/Chap10.html#Sticky_ended_cut
Bacterial
cell
Bacterial
chromosome
Recombinant DNA
5. Expression
Bacterial cell reproduces by Binary Fisson
Donor DNA
Sticky
Ends
2. Ligase bonds
sticky ends Recombinant DNA
together
Expression
• Expression is getting the organism with the
recombinant DNA to produce the desired
protein
Production of humulin
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Used by diabetics
Plant Application
Golden Rice – a
possible solution to
Vitamin A
deficiency.
Applications of Genetic Engineering
• Pharming
• Gene pharming is a technology that scientists use to
alter an animal's own DNA, or to splice in new DNA,
called a transgene, from another species.
• In pharming, these genetically modified (transgenic)
animals are mostly used to make human proteins
that have medicinal value. The protein encoded by
the transgene is secreted into the animal's milk,
eggs or blood, and then collected and purified.
Tracy the Sheep
• One of the first mammals engineered successfully
for the purpose of pharming was a sheep named
Tracy, born in 1990 and created by scientists led by
British developmental biologist Ian Wilmut at Roslin
Institute in Scotland. Tracy was created from a
zygote genetically engineered through DNA
injection to produce milk containing large quantities
of the human enzyme alpha-1 antitrypsin, a
substance used to treat cystic fibrosis and
emphysema
Xenotransplantation
• Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of living
cells, tissues or organs from one species to another.
• However there are ethical issues and issues with
rejection
• There are also issues with virus transmission from
one species to another
• Porcine islet transplants are being investigated for
use in type 1 diabetes due to the shortage of human
islet cells
Gene Therapy
• It involves modifying human
DNA either to repair it or to
replace a faulty gene.