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    Water Part2

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    Madathiparambil Manu
    The document provides an overview of various large scale and small scale water purification methods. For large scale purification, it discusses slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration, and disinfection methods like chlorination and ozonation. For small scale treatment, it outlines the steps of screening, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. Specific filtration methods like slow sand filters, rapid sand filters and membrane processes are described. The document also discusses advances in water purification technologies like graphene membranes and forward osmosis for desalination.

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    Water Part2

    Uploaded by

    Madathiparambil Manu
    35 views49 pages
    The document provides an overview of various large scale and small scale water purification methods. For large scale purification, it discusses slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration, and disinfection methods like chlorination and ozonation. For small scale treatment, it outlines the steps of screening, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. Specific filtration methods like slow sand filters, rapid sand filters and membrane processes are described. The document also discusses advances in water purification technologies like graphene membranes and forward osmosis for desalination.

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    The document provides an overview of various large scale and small scale water purification methods. For large scale purification, it discusses slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration, and disinfection methods like chlorination and ozonation. For small scale treatment, it outlines the steps of screening, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. Specific filtration methods like slow sand filters, rapid sand filters and membrane processes are described. The document also discusses advances in water purification technologies like graphene membranes and forward osmosis for desalination.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    35 views49 pages

    Water Part2

    Uploaded by

    Madathiparambil Manu
    The document provides an overview of various large scale and small scale water purification methods. For large scale purification, it discusses slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration, and disinfection methods like chlorination and ozonation. For small scale treatment, it outlines the steps of screening, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. Specific filtration methods like slow sand filters, rapid sand filters and membrane processes are described. The document also discusses advances in water purification technologies like graphene membranes and forward osmosis for desalination.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 49

    WATER

    PURIFICATION

    Presenter- Maj Manu Mohan


    Moderator- Mr Ankit, Sci- C
    Topics
    • Large scale water purification
    • Small scale water purification
    • New methods
    • Advances
    Large scale filtrations
     STORAGE (only for slow sand)
     FILTRATION
    Slow sand filter
    Rapid sand filter
     DISINFECTION
    Chlorination
    Ozonation
    Other methods
    Treatment of water

    • Screening
    • Flocculation
    • Sedimentation
    • Filtration
    • Disinfection
    Screening
    • Removal of large floating matters
    • 2 types
    Coarse Fine

    Screens are placed in inclined manner


    Sedimentation
    • Large suspended particles gets settle down
    • They have density more than water

    • 2 types
    • Plain sedimentation
    • Sedimentation with coagulation
    Sedimentation with coagulation
    • It deals with fine suspended particles
    • Coagulant is added

    • Aim-
    Destabilisation of colloidal particles
    Accumulation of colloidal particles
    • ALUM

    • Al (OH)3 is formed when alum is added to water, is a sticky


    precipitate.
    • Stick to fine suspended particles and settle down
    Coagulants used
    • Hydrated copperas
    • Chlorinated copperas
    • Alum
    • Lime
    • PAC (poly aluminium chloride)
    Filtration
    • Process of passing the water through beds of granular
    materials
    • Removes colour, odour, turbidity, pathogenic bacteria

    2 types

    Gravity Pressure

    Slow sand Rapid sand


    Slow sand filters
    • Bottom most layer is gravel (30-75cm)arranged as per size
    • Sand above (90-110cm) gravel
    • Head loss to be noted down (0.7-1.2 mts)
    • Rate of 100-200 lit/hr/sq m
    • Removes bacteria, suspended solids, taste, odour and
    turbidity
    Vital layer
    • Surface of sand beds gets covered with a slimy growth
    known as “Schmutzdecke”, the vital layer
    • It consists of algae, bacteria, planktons etc
    • Formation of this layer is called ripening of the filter
    • Removes organic matter, holds back bacteria and provide a
    bacterial free water
    Rapid sand filter
    • Back wash facility available
    • Rate- 50-100 lit/min/sq m
    • Back wash necessary to prevent mud ball formation
    • Removes 80-90% bacteria
    Slow sand filter Rapid sand filter
    1. Removes bacteria 99.9% 1. Removes bacteria 80-90%
    2. Washing is difficult 2. Washing is easy
    3. No frequent washing required 3. Frequent washing required
    Membrane processes
    • The pore size of the membrane is smallest in RO and is in the
    following order:
    RO < Nano filter < Ultra filter < Micro filter
    Ultra filtrate
    Pros
    • Electricity not required
    • Removes impurities from the cloudy and muddy water
    • Long lasting
    Cons
    • Not as effective as RO water purifiers due to slightly larger
    pores
    • Cannot be used if water has high TDS/ toxic metals
    RO Membrane properties
    • A semipermeable membrane is used for the
    removal of water impurities
    • Pressure driven
    • The membranes are generally based on
    natural and synthetic polymers- Cellulose
    acetate, polyamide etc
    • Pore size is <1 nm
    • Advantages of RO
    • Extensive removal of contaminants
    • No alteration in taste and smell
    • Beneficial in high TDS source

    • Dis advantage
    • Removes essential minerals also
    • Periodic replacement of filter req
    • Electricity required
    • Wastage of water
    Adsorption and charge neutralization

    Adsorption is a surface phenomena and outcome of surface


    energy. Dissolved contaminants adhere to the porous surface
    of porous solid particles
    Eg- Activated carbons, Silica gel, Alumina
    These contains many pores as small as nanometers

    • Activated carbon uses physical adsorption


    • Can remove trihalomethanes, organic compunds
    • 2 forms- granular and powdered
    • Activated alumina
    • Spherical beads
    • Highly porous
    • Tremendous surface area

    • Zeolites
    • Tetrahedral network with silicon and O2 atom
    • Some silicones are replaced by Al

    • Silica gel
    • Hard glass like granules made of silicon di oxide
    • Non toxic and non corrosive
    • Magnetic-particle-modified carbon adsorbent
    • Can be separated by magnetic separation technology
    conveniently
    • Composite adsorbent has high effectiveness for
    metal ion removal (tested for adsorption of Pb(II)
    and Cu(II) from water)

    • TATA SWACH
    • Basic principle of Adsorption
    • Nonelectric
    • Processed rice husk ash impregnated with nano
    silver particles
    • Destroy disease causing bacteria, germs and other
    organisms
    • One filter can filter out 3000lit
    Disinfection
    • A good quality disinfectant can take care of present
    contamination and should take care of future recontamination ie,
    residual capacity
    • Physical methods
    • UV
    • Solar radiation
    • Ultrasound

    • Chemical
    • Chlorine
    • Iodine
    • ozone
    • House hold purifications
    • Boiling
    • Chlorine tabs
    • Iodine
    • KMNO4
    • UV irradiation
    • RO
    • Boiling
    • Must be brought to rolling boil for 10-20 min
    • Removes temp hardness of the water
    • No residual protection

    • Ultrasound
    • Ultrasound is the cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater
    than the upper limit of human hearing
    • The mechanical vibration of the waves can be caused to damage
    cellular structures of bacteria.
    • However, regrowth of the organism is also possible here.
    • UV irradiation
    • The water to be treated passes through germicidal ultraviolet
    (UV) light configured inside a low-pressure lamp.
    • Damages the genetic components of the microbes.
    • The UV-A radiation (wavelength 320–400 nm) of the sunlight
    destroys the pathogen
    • Can't remove minerals, costly
    Chemical disinfection
    • Bleaching powder
    • 33% available chlorine
    • Unstable compound
    • Stabilized bleach
    • Chlorine solution
    • Prepared from bleaching powder
    • Should keep in dark, cool and dry place
    • Chlorine tablets
    • 0.5mg for 20 lit of water
    • National environmental engineering institute developed better tablets
    • Chlorine gas
    • Easy to apply and quick in action
    • Req chlorinating equipment (Paterson’s chloronome)

    • KMNO4
    • Used in rural areas
    • 1-2 mg/lit and contact time of 4-6 hrs
    • Dark brown precipitate in utensils

    • Iodine
    • 2% ethanol solution of iodine for 1lit
    • Contact time of 20-30 min
    • High cost and physiologically active
    • Ozone
    • Unstable form of oxygen (O3)
    • The very high oxidation potential of ozone is easy enough to insert
    oxygen into the bonds of organic compounds.
    • More effective than chlorine
    • ozone oxidizes the organics in bacterial membrane
    • Can produce carcinogen with bromine ie bromate
    • No residual effect
    Chlorination
    • No effect on spores and certain viruses
    • Cl2 + H2O  HOCl + HCl,
    HOCl  OCl + H
    • Hypochlorous acid in 70-80 times effective than hypochlorite ion

    • Principles of chlorination
    • Chlorine demand
    • Contact period
    • Presence of free residual chlorine
    Method of chlorination

    • Perchloron (HTH)
    • 60 – 70 %available chlorine
    • OT test
    • Determines free and combines chlorine
    • React with free chlorine instantly and slowly with combined
    chlorine
    • 10 sec- free chlorine, 05 min- total chlorine

    • OTA test
    • Separately determines free and combined
    Chlorine dioxide
    • Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a synthetic, green-yellowish gas
    with a chlorine-like, irritating odor
    • Highly water soluble
    • Explosive under pressure
    • Difficult to transport, usually manufactured on site-
    • 2NaCl02 + Cl2 = 2ClO2 + 2NaCI
    Chlorine Chlorine dioxide
    1. Less effective against virus, 1. More effective against virus,
    cryptosporidium and giardia. giardia and cryptosporidium
    2. Easy to handle, available in 2. On site generation required
    powder form
    3. DBP are trihalomethane and halo 3. DBP are chlorite and chlorate
    acetic acid
    4. Can be stored in gaseous form 4. Explosive in nature under
    pressure
    Recent Advances
    • Increase of permeability
    • Increase in strength of membrane
    Graphene Membrane
    • Strongest material ever tested, conducts heat and electricity
    efficiently, and is nearly transparent
    • Application in Solar cells, Touch panel, Membranes, LED,
    supercapacitors etc.
    Graphene membranes for water Purification
    • A graphene membrane with sub nanometer pores as an RO
    membrane. Water molecules (red and white) passing through
    the membrane (right) and salt ions (golden spheres) that are
    blocked.
    • Low pressure requirement
    • Faster water transport
    Desalination
    • Water quality in terms of salinity is best expressed by the
    concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS)
    • Goal is to tReat high salinity water
    • Uses thermal techniques and membrane filtration technique

    • Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging membrane technology


    with a range of possible water treatment applications
    including desalination.
    Forward osmosis
    Ion exchange
    • It is a typical reversible chemical reaction where an ion from
    a solution is exchanged for a similarly charged ion attached
    to an immobile solid particle
    • Ion exchange resins
    • Cation and Anion
    • Regeneration possible
    • Iron filtration
    • Iron filter- beds of media which have mild oxidizing power
    • Adding KMnO4 or calcium hypochlorite
    • Arsiron nilogen
    • Developed in Tezpur assam, filters out 99.99% of arsenic
    • Chemicals used in the filtration process are cooking soda for pH
    conditioning, potassium permanganate for supplying oxygen and
    ferric chloride for providing solid iron oxide adsorbents of arsenic

    • Nalgonda technique
    • The process comprises of addition of Aluminum salt, lime and
    bleaching powder to the raw water followed by flocculation,
    sedimentation and filtration.
    • Can be done at community and domestic level
    NBC water filter
    • DRDO Laboratory at Jodhpur has developed a Mobile Water
    Purification System for disaster situations having a capacity
    of purifying 2000 l/hour of NBC contaminated water
    COMBINATION
    • Combination of various technologies
    Eg:
    • RO + UV
    • RO + UV + UF
    • RO + UV + Activated Carbon
    THANK YOU

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