Advance Reading Skills

ADVANCE READING SKILLS
Definition:
• C. Wallace (2001) regards reading as practice, product or process with

reference to the field of study.
-Product which is defined as the result of reading process by Alderson (2000) is interested in the
structure and the message of the text.
• The process of getting meaning from written language”, (Fry, 1977)
• The ability to draw meaning from the printed

page and interpret this information appropriately” (Grabe & Stoller, 2002, p. 9).
- Readers are thought to draw information from the printed page and combine it with the
information
and expectations that they already have.
Definition:
• It is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from text (as in

reading a book)
- Decoding refers to the process of translating a printed word into a sound.
Among the others, reading is being defined as the most considerable academic
language skill (Carrell, 1988a; Grabe & Stoller, 2001) as “learning to read is
foundation for literacy and a gateway to education” (Paris, Wixson & Palincsar,
1986, p. 91).
Purposes of reading
The first attempt of examining the reasons of reading mostly probably dates back to Rivers and
Temperly’s (1978) efforts on reading in daily life
• Gathering information or fulfilling curiosity;

• Receiving instructions for executing some duties;
• Taking part in a game;
• Corresponding either in a formal or an informal style;
• Getting information about when and where an activity is taking place;
• Learning what is happening;
• Just for pleasure.
Purposes of reading
Harmer (2001) indicates two main reasons for reading as

1. Instrumental - represents reading to achieve some clear aim
2. Pleasurable - refers to reading that takes place just for pleasure which is also called as
recreational reading (Kottmeyer, 1947).
Reading process
Grabe and Stoller (2002) demonstrate the process of reading by indicating the basic steps involved in it. They
examine reading comprehension under four subcategories namely:
1. purposes for reading (needs purpose to get involved in reading)

2. definitional processes involved in reading
(lists the characteristics of reading that account for comprehension.)
3. processing components of reading
The processing components of reading constitute two processes :
a. lower-level - deals with components such as working memory activation
b.. higher-level -deals with components such as background knowledge use
4. models of reading
a. metaphorical
b. specific
Carver (1997) introduces five basic processes involved in reading and calls them as
reading gears:
Gear 1 starts with Memorizing and moves to

Gear 2 Learning
Gear 3 Rauding (as the most typical adult type of reading with comfortable texts such as
magazines)
Gear 4 Skimming and finally ends with
Gear 5. Scanning.
What is Skimming?
“To read quickly to get the general idea of a passage”
SCANNING
• Search for specific information ( key words )

• Particular Name Telephone Number
• Get only what you need.
Scanning is rapidly running your eyes over the text in order to locate specific details.
Three steps to scanning include: search for key words, move quickly over the page Less
reading and more searching
According to Frith’s (1985) four-stage acquisition process are:
a. logographic skills (STEP 1) if developed, allow readers to recognize familiar

words as a whole.
b. alphabetic skills (STEP 2) are acquired by recognizing individual phonemes with individual letters.
c. Orthographic skills (STEP 3) it is materialized by identifying higher-level clusters of
letters.
d. Independent reading ability (STEP 4) not achieved by all readers

(Obler and Gjerlow (1999).
They maintain that reading appears as a distinctive skill different from oral language in this stage.
In case of a failure in one of these steps, readers cannot jump to the next one.
Carver (1990, 1997) indicates that readers maintain the process of reading by engaging in one of the
strategies presented in Table 2. Since Carver calls these strategies as gears, it would be reasonable to
illustrate them associating with cars. The illustration that appears on the left hand column of Figure 3
reflects principles of a manual transmission car in which the driver is required to adjust the gears in
accordance with the speed. On the other hand, the illustration on the right reflects the principles of an
automatic transmission car in which the gears are adjusted automatically in accordance with the speed.

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ADVANCE READING SKILLS

• C. Wallace (2001) regards reading as practice, product or process with

• The process of getting meaning from written language”, (Fry, 1977)

• The ability to draw meaning from the printed

• It is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from text (as in

• Gathering information or fulfilling curiosity;

Harmer (2001) indicates two main reasons for reading as

1. purposes for reading (needs purpose to get involved in reading)

Gear 1 starts with Memorizing and moves to

• Search for specific information ( key words )

a. logographic skills (STEP 1) if developed, allow readers to recognize familiar

d. Independent reading ability (STEP 4) not achieved by all readers

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