Dimensions of tyres when New

Flange thickness 28.5 mm

Height at tread in center 28.5 mm
Top radius 14.5 mm
Radius at the root 16 mm
Flange nclination / Taper 1 in 2.5
Tread inclination 1 in 20
Note 1 Taper 1 in 2.5 reduce to
frictional resistance of side thrusts
with rails and thus helps in
reducing the amount of wear on
rail and flange to the minimum
possible.
Note 2 nclination/Taper of 1 in
20 given on the tread profile of
wheels help in turning in curve of
any degree.
%yre Defects
Loose tyre
Radius at the root of flange too small
Deep flange
False flange or Hollow tyre
Thin flange
Sharp flange
Flat places on tread
oose %yre
How to check - This is being done after
the brakes have been fully released and
by hammering on the tread of the tyres.
The sound produced is then carefully
heard and if the sound is felt to be dull the
tyre is said to have gone loose.
Effect Loose tyre will work out of the rim
and cause serious accident.
#,/ius ,t the root of fI,nge too
sm,II
The radius at the root of flange is
16 mm when new.
C,use n service radius at the
root of flange is subjected to
maximum wear on curves and by
snaking effect of the wheels in
motion.
#oot r,/ius
How to check t is checked by the tyre
defect gauge. When it is reduced to 13
mm the gauge will fit in properly. f it has
reduced further we will see light in
between the gauge and the root of the
flange through gap.
This is called radius too
small at the root of flange and such wheels
should be rejected.
Worn Root
#oot r,/ius
Effect (1) This defect results into
increased friction between the rails and
the flange because of reduction in taper of
1 in 2.5 given on the wheel flange which
affects hauling capacity of the locomotive
besides wearing effects on the rails.
(2) f it is allowed to reduce
further, the flange can get broken/sheared
off and cause accident due to flange
forces & side thrusts .
Deep fI,nge
When new, The height of flange at tread in
centre is 28.5 mm.
C,use While the wheel moves there is
constant wear on the tread of tyres and
thus the diameter of wheels at tread starts
reducing due to the wear on the tread. But
the top of face of wheel flange is not
subjected to any corresponding wear, the
flange height at tread goes on increasing.
When this depth of tread or the height of
flange fro tread increases from 28.5 to 35
mm. The tyre is called as /eep fI,nge.
How to Check - The deep flange tyre fits
in as illustrated in the sketch.
Effect - (1) The deep flange becomes
dangerous as it starts damaging fish
plates, fish plate bolts, distance blocks,
points and crossing etc.
Deep flange
Effect (2) The inclination of 1 in
2.5 & 1 in 20 practically vanishes
which results in higher friction and
there is every possibility of wheels
to derail on curves for the two
wheels on same axle can not be
suitably converted with different
diameters to suit longer outer &
shorter inner rails, automatically.
,Ise fI,nge or HoIIow %yre
C,use False flange occurs when tread
wears continuously when the wheels
negotiate curves.
How to check t is shown in sketch.
Rejection limit is that outer edge of the
wheel tread below bottom line of the tread
becomes more th,n 5 mm.
,Ise fI,nge
Effect of ,Ise fI,nge
(1) This causes excessive
hunting and oscillation and
increases the flange force.
(2) t may split open points
while travelling in trailing
direction.
%hin fI,nge
The thickness of flange is 28.5 mm ( new).
C,use (1) Flanges wear to the
maximum due to the curves, side thrusts
and snaking effect of the wheels.
(2) f one wheel diameter is lesser than
that of other on the same axle, the flanges
of shorter dia. Wheel will wear more
because this wheel will travel nearer the
flange touching rail head to compensate
the difference in dia in order to remain in
central position. The flanges wear thin.
How to check When thickness of
flange reduces from 28.5 to 16 mm (22
mm for high spee/ ,n/ #,/h,ni) the
gauge fits in as shown in sketch and the
flange is called as thin fI,nge.
Effect - (1) When they wear thin they
become weaker and there are cases when
thin flanges could not sustain the side
thrusts and broke causing midsection
accidents.
%hin fI,nge
Effect of thin fI,nge
(2) Thin flanges cut through the partly
opened facing points due to any signal or
permanent way or any other defect,
causing two roads under the same vehicle
or wagon and the serious accident follows
there after.
(3) Oscillations increase due to greater
play resulting in instability of the vehicle.
$h,rp fI,nge
The top flange is not square but has been
given a radius of 14.5 mm.
C,use (1) Flanges wear sharp when
continuously the wheels negotiate curves
and during snaking affect of wheels.
(2) Also the biased wear on
flanges causes sharp flanges, which can
be attributed to difference in diameters of
wheels on the same axle.
How to check When the top radius at
the corner towards tread reduces to 5 mm,
the flange is called to be sharp flange and
can be detected by feeling of hand or
application of gauge as shown in sketch.
Effect (1) Sharp flange is highly
dangerous as it mounts the rail at points
and nose and heel of switch rails and
crossings.
(2) t also mounts the rail on curves and
causes accident if happens to negotiate
outer rails.
$h,rp fI,nge
I,t pI,ces on tre,/
C,use Jamming of brakes, caused by
missing hanger pins or entanglement of
brake block with trolley and the wheel or
the piston getting jammed in its top
position cause skidding of wheels. The
seizure of roller bearing also results in
wheel skidding. When skidding occurs at a
particular point of tread and continuous for
some distance, the tread wears
excessively at that point of contact with the
rail and becomes flat to a certain length
and depth. This is flat tyre.
Effect - (1) This defect irks the
passengers and adds to their discomfort.
(2) This causes hot axles, journal
breakage, derailments and skidding if
allowed much, causes both sides false
flanges on tread which is highly
detrimental to safe running of trains.
How to check - This should be checked
with the application of Tyre defect gauge
as shown in sketch.
I,t tyre
I,t tyre
I,t pI,ces on tre,/
Max. permissible limits -
CF coaches - 50 mm
Wagon - 60 mm
No depth has been prescribed for flat
places and can also not be checked
easily.
Difference in wheeI /i,meter On
s,me ,Ie
Me,surement of /i,. The wheel
diameter is measured on the tread at a
distance of 63.5 mm from the back of
wheel.
How to check Two measurements
across the quarters points should be taken
for each wheel as shown in sketch.
heeI tre,/ Di,meter
imit,tion The wheel diameter shall
not differ in the same axle. A variation in
tread diameter of more than 0.5 mm is not
permissible.
Effect The variation of the wheel
diameter on the same axle causes
differential distance of travel by each
wheel thus causing axle to take an angular
position thereby increasing the potential
hazard to derailment.
rreguI,r wheeI g,uge
Wheel gauge is the distance between
wheel flanges i.e. distance between back
to back of the wheels on a wheel set.
How to check The wheel gauge should
be checked at quarter points as shown in
sketch.
imit,tion No variation is permitted
among values of wheel gauge measured
at quarter points.
heeI G,uge
Effect of irreguI,r g,uge
A variation in the values will
indicate a bent axle, which may result in
instability. The excessive bend may cause
fracture of the axle or may result in hot
axle due to wobbling and may cause
derailment.
imit,tion
Coach 1598.5 to 1601.5 mm
Wagon 1599 to 1602 mm
Check Lists for C&W for
investigation
Tyre profile - should be checked by tyre defect
gauge
Wheel Dia- 0.5 for sme axle,5 mm for same
bogie,13 mm for same coach
Wheel Gauge- 1600+2/-1mm
Dash pot oil- 80 mm in tare condition
Side bearers- plate thickness reaches 8.5 mm
replaced, bronze wearing piece dia reaches 3
mm replaced or height reduces to 42 mm.
Equalising stay condition should be checked
Swing Links- check for crack, total wear exceeds 3 mm -
scrapped
Buffer height check buffer height-1105 mm for emty,
1030 mm for loaded & clearance between bolster and
bogie frame 57 mm
Centre pivot- whether the bolts holding the pivot to the
body is secure and tight
Axle guide- check condition of axle guide
Roller bearing- check wear on rollers, common defects
Journal check for flaws, ovality, taper etc.
Springs - check for crack
Sl.
No.
Veh
icle
No.
Type
------------
-
TraIIic
Mech.
Tare
s in
tonn
es
Carryi
ng
capaci
ty in
tonnes
Buildi
ng
Date
Retu
rn
Date
PRR/O
Particulars
------------
Date Stn.
1. 2. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Pay load
in tonnes
From
From
actual
labels
Weigh.
Co
mm
odit
y
load
ed
Stati
on

Irom
to
Rigi
d
whee
l
base
in
mm
Wh
ethe
r
Bra
ked
or
pipe
Position
Irom
engine
Wheel
& Axle
Wheel
Ilange
Thickn
ess oI
Gauge
dia. in
mm
11 12 13 14
15
16 17 18 1
9
2
0
21
Wheel & Axle Axle Box (For IRS stock only)
An
y
indi
ca-
tion
oI
ben
t
axle
Observa
tion
aIter
measuri
ng the
proIile
with
tyre
deIect
gauge
Any
mark
oI
obstr
uctio
n on
tyre
Bra
ss
thic
k
-
nes
s in
mm
Con
di-
tion
oI
box
and
bras
s
con
di
-
tion
oI
sole
plat
e
cond
i
-tion
oI
iour
nal
clearanc
e
between
brass
and
collar oI
iournal
in mm
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
AXLE GUARD (For IRS Stock only) Spring and spring gear
clearance
between
axle box
groove
and axle
guard in
mm
whether
axle
guard
can
work
clear oI
axle
box
groove
Are the axle
guard bent or
otherwise
damaged to
prevent Iree
movement oI
axle box
Remark
regar
-ding
bridle bar
Fre
e
ca
mb
er
oI
spri
ng
in
m
m
Cam
ber
oI
sprin
g
under
load
in
mm
aIter
rerail
ing
on a
level
unca
nted
track
Thickness
oI packing
plate under
spring seat
in mm
30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Spring and spring gear Bogie
Remar
ks on
conditi
on oI
spring
plates
and
buckles
Clea-
rance
betwe
en
shackl
e plate
and
pin
Remar
ks on
conditi
on oI
shackle
plates
and
pins
Whethe
r Any
Spring
Eye
Touche
s Sole
Bar
BuIIer
Height
(To be
taken
aIter
uncoupli
ng &
rerailing
in mm
Typ
e
Rigid
wheel
base
in
mm
Vertic
al
Clear-
ance at
side
bearer
s in
mm
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Bogie
Remarks
regarding Iree
movement oI
bolster and
pivot and
their
condition
Bolster
spring
camber
under
load in
mm
Details oI
broken parts
giving
locations
w.r.t. point
oI mount and
derailment
Whether
load is
placed on
more than
one
wagon
Any other
deIect in
vehicles which
may have
contributed to
or caused the
derailment.
45 46 47 48 49