DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER : 6TH

SUBJECT : WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

CHAPTER : [1] IRRIGATION METHODS AND WATER REQUIREMENT OF

CROPS

TOPIC : [1.1] INTRODUCTION OF IRRIGATION

PRESENTED BY: PROF. VIKAS GORE

 1. Learning Objectives
CONTENT
2. Irrigation
3. Water in Indian Constitution
4. World - Land and Water Resources at a glance
5. India - Land and Water Resources at a glance
6. Water Resources Potential in the Major River Basins of India
7. Need for Irrigation in India!
8. Importance of Irrigation:
9. Classification of Irrigation Projects
10.Environmental Impact of Irrigation Projects
11.Command Area Development Programme
12.National Water Policy
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 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. To study the water resources available in India.

2. To study about irrigation and needs of irrigation, benefits of irrigation, ill effect of irrigation.

3. To study various types of irrigation projects.

4. To study the development of irrigation in India.

5. To study the impact of irrigation on environment.

6. To study the National Water Policy.

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ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 IRRIGATION
 Irrigation is defined as the process of artificial supply of water to soil for raising crops.

 It is a science of planning and designing an efficient, low-cost, economic irrigation system tailored to fit

natural conditions.

 It is the engineering of controlling and harnessing the various natural sources of water, by constructing

dams and reservoirs, canals and headworks, and finally distributing the water to the agricultural fields.

 Irrigation engineering includes the study and design of works in connection with river control, drainage

of waterlogged areas and generation of hydroelectric power.

 India is basically an agricultural country and all its resources depend on the agricultural.

 Irrigation may be defined as the process of artificially supplying water to soil for raising crops.

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The engineering of controlling and harnessing the various natural sources of water, by construction of
dam and reservoirs, canals and headwork and finally distributing the water to the agriculture fields is
called as irrigation engineering.
1. India is basically an agricultural country, and all its resources depend on the agriculture output. Water
is evidently the most vital elements in the plants life.
2. Water is normally supplied to the plants by nature through rains. However, the total rainfall in a
particular area may be either insufficient, or ill-timed.
3. In order to get maximum yield, it is essential to supply the optimum quantity of water, and to maintain
correct timing of water.
4. This is possible only through a systematic irrigation system by collecting water during the period of
excess rainfall and releasing it to the crop as and when it is needed.
5. Thus the necessity of irrigation depends upon following points:
a) Less Rainfall b) Non-uniform Rainfall
c) Growing a number of crops during a year d) Growing perennial crops
e) Commercial Crops with additional water f) Controlled water supply
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 Need for Irrigation in India!
Water is an important input for successful agriculture. Water may be available to crops in the natural course
by rainfall or it may be supplied to the agricultural fields artificially by human efforts.
The process of supplying water to crops by artificial means such as canals, wells, tube-wells, tanks, etc.
from the sources of water such as rivers, tanks, ponds or underground water is called irrigation.
The geographical conditions, especially the nature of monsoon rainfall, in India make irrigation
indispensable for sustainable agricultural development. Unfortunately, rainfall in India is uncertain,
unreliable, irregular, variable, seasonal and unevenly distributed.
The main rain bringing south-west monsoon often fails to keep its date. It may come either before or after
the scheduled date of arrival. Normally speaking, the rainfall keeps its date of arrival and withdrawal only in
one out of five years. The amount of rainfall may also vary greatly from the normal. Excess rainfall may
cause floods but less rainfall forces the farmers to resort to irrigation.
Ironically, the variability of rainfall is very high in areas of low rainfall. The north-western parts of the
country, especially Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and western parts of Uttar Pradesh often suffer from high
variability of rainfall. There are large variations in the spatial distribution of rainfall.
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About 35.7 per cent of the cultivated area receives 75 to 100 cm of annual rainfall and 34.1 per cent of the

cultivated area receives less than 75 cm of annual rainfall.

Therefore, it is clear that about two thirds of the total cropped area needs irrigation facilities.

Even in areas of high rainfall, irrigation is necessary to further increase the farm productivity.

Indian rainfall is characterised by monsoon gaps.

Consequently it may not rain for two or more weeks during the rainy season and the crops may be badly

damaged in the absence of irrigation facilities.

The chief characteristic of the Indian monsoon is that it is seasonal.

About 75 per cent of the rainfall in India is caused by the south-west monsoons which are active only for 3-

4 months in a year.

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The remaining 8-9 months are marked by dry season when irrigation is badly needed for successful

growing of the crops. The duration of dry season varies from 5 months in Kerala to over 9 months in the

north-west India. Moreover, rainfall in most parts of India is torrential. As the popular saying goes, it pours, it

never rains in India. This leaves little opportunity for soil to absorb water and the surface water goes waste.

This loss of water by wasteful flow has to be compensated by irrigation.

Apart from the vagaries of monsoon rain as described above, there are certain crops such as rice,

sugarcane, jute, cotton, chillies, etc. which require more water and have to be provided with irrigation even

in areas of heavy rainfall. It is estimated that production of irrigated crops is 50 to 100 per cent higher than

that of the unirrigated crops under similar geographical conditions.

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 ADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION
Followings are the major advantages of irrigation systems. 

i. Irrigation helps to maintain the condensation of the loam.

ii. It provides mineral as well as other nutrition by the assimilation from the mold.

iii. Irrigation is one of the most feasible ways to grow cash crops like sugarcane, tobacco, etc.

iv. As people are dependant on irrigation channels, there is now an extensive irrigation system which people are
using as a mean of their communication

v. It helps to preserve the structure of the topsoil

vi. By eliminating the deficiency of water, Irrigation manages to give fast manufacturing

vii. The more production rate intensifies, the more living standard of the farmer increases

viii. Canal and irrigation water seeps through the soil and elevates the water table. This is desirable in desiccated

and semiarid zones

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 ADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION
i. At many places, the irrigation serves as the only water source.

ii. Irrigation helps to make the cash flow of a country profound with the massive production of crops

iii. It helps the landowners by the monetary increment of fertile lands

iv. People in rural areas use irrigated water for household chores like- dishwashing, bathing.

v. Irrigation helps to improve the yielding.

vi. The irrigation waterways can be utilized to produce hydroelectric power

vii. As people are more prone to irrigation now, colossal irrigation channel construction is assisting the people to be employed
known as relief workers.

viii. It helps to prevent the disease of weeds

ix. It acts as a shield against famine

x. Prolonged irrigation is used for navigational impetus sometimes

xi. The banks of the irrigation channels can be wielded to prevent deforestation and improve contexture status.
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 DISADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION
Followings are the major disadvantages of irrigation systems. 

i. Irrigation sometimes creates unrestrained excretion and percolation of water throughout the whole passage.

ii. The overflowing irrigated water gives insects a place to make their habitat which is harmful to surroundings giving rise to
various diseases.

iii. As irrigated water helps to lessen the inversion, sometimes it turns the area into a wet and sweaty surface. Immoderate
irrigation clogs specific area by raising the water.

iv. While constructing the colossal irrigation waterways, people lose their residential and commercial lands.

v. Not every time irrigation is affordable. The embryonic value of irrigation is quite inflated, and people end up paying a lot
of imposed taxes.

vi. Irrigation becomes an obstacle in the path of free devours during the rainy season.

vii. Careless and over-irrigation can lead to salt efflorescence.

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 WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA
 India accounts for about 2.45 per cent of world’s surface area, 4 per cent of the world’s water resources

and about 16 per cent of world’s population.

 The total water available from precipitation in the country in a year is about 4,000 cubic km.

 The availability from surface water and replenishable groundwater is 1,869 cubic km.

 Out of this only 60 per cent can be put to beneficial uses. Thus, the total utilizable water resource in the

country is only 1,122 cubic km

1. Surface Water Resources

2. Groundwater Resources

3. Lagoons and Backwaters

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 WATER RESOURCES
Item Volume

Average annual Precipitation 4000 BCM

Avg. precipitation during Monsoon (Jun-Sept) 3000 BCM

Natural Runoff 1986.5 BCM

Estimated utilizable surface water resources 690 BCM

Total utilizable ground water resources 433 BCM

Total annual utilizable water resources 1123 BCM

Per capita water availability 1720.29 cum

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 1. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES
 There are four major sources of surface water. These are rivers, lakes, ponds, and tanks.

 In the country, there are about 10,360 rivers and their tributaries longer than 1.6 km each.

 The mean annual flow in all the river basins in India is estimated to be 1,869 cubic km.

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  However, due to topographical, hydrological and other constraints, only about 690 cubic km (32 per

cent) of the available surface water can be utilized.

 Water flow in a river depends on size of its catchment area or river basin and rainfall within its

catchment area.

 You have studied in your Class XI textbook “India : Physical Environment” that precipitation in India

has very high spatial variation, and it is mainly concentrated in Monsoon season.

 You also have studied in the textbook that some of the rivers in the country like the Ganga, the

Brahmaputra, and the Indus have huge catchment areas.

 Given that precipitation is relatively high in the catchment areas of the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and

the Barak rivers, these rivers, although account for only about one-third of the total area in the
country, have 60 per cent of the total surface water resources.

 Much of the annual water flow in south Indian rivers like the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri

has been harnessed, but it is yet to be done in the Brahmaputra and the Ganga basins.
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 WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL IN THE MAJOR RIVER BASINS OF INDIA

 Seven major rivers Indus, Brahmaputra, Narmada,

Tapi, Godavari, Krishna and Mahanadi along with their
numerous tributaries make up the river system of India.
 Most of the rivers pour their waters into the Bay of Bengal.
 Some of the rivers whose courses take them through the
western part of the country and towards the east of the state
of Himachal Pradesh empty into the Arabian Sea.
 Parts of Ladakh, northern parts of the Aravalli range and the
arid parts of the Thar Desert have inland drainage.
 All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main
watersheds.
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 i. Himalayan Rivers

 The main Himalayan river systems are the Ganga, the Indus and the Brahmaputra river systems. The

Himalayan rivers form large basins.

 Many rivers pass through the Himalayas.

 These deep valleys with steep rock sides were formed by the down - cutting of the river during the period

of the Himalayan uplift.

 They perform intense erosional activity up the streams and carry huge load of sand and silt.

 In the plains, they form large meanders, and a variety of depositional features like flood plains, river cliffs

and levees.

 These rivers are perennial as they get water from the rainfall as well as the melting of ice.

 Nearly all of them create huge plains and are navigable over long distances of their course.

 These rivers are also harnessed in their upstream catchment area to generate hydroelectricity.
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ii. Peninsular Rivers

 The main peninsular river systems include the Narmada, the Tapi, the Godavari, the Krishna, the

Kaveri and the Mahanadi river systems.

 The Peninsular rivers flow through shallow valleys.

 A large number of them are seasonal as their flow is dependent on rainfall.

 The intensity of erosional activities is also comparatively low because of the gentler slope.

 The hard rock bed and lack of silt and sand does not allow any significant meandering.

 Many rivers therefore have straight and linear courses.

 These rivers provide huge opportunities for hydro-electric power.

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 RIVERS OF MAHARASHTRA

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 1. GODAVARI RIVER
The Godavari River rises from a place near Nashik in Maharashtra, which is at the elevation of 1,465
km. It flows nearly around 1,465 km before falling to Bay of Bengal.

 The Parvara, the Purna, the Manjra, the Penganga,

the Wardha, the Wainganga, the Indravati and the

Kolab are the major tributaries of the river.

 Godavari Basin extends over an area of 312,812 km in

five states, which is nearly 9.5% of the total

geographical area of the country.

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 The river Godavari is the largest of the peninsular rivers of India. Maharashtra is home for its early flows

and Godavari for Maharashtra is no less than Ganga.

 Referred to as Dakshin Ganga the river holds immense spiritual and cultural significance. Several places

at its origin are said to be abode of Rama during th

 One of the unique aspects of this river is that it drains nearly entire East to West length of Maharashtra.

And while running ceaselessly towards the Bay of Bengal the river encompasses nearly all the
geographically diverse regions of the state.

 Originating in Western Ghats this river later traverses through the arid and dry region of Marathwada and

then emerges in high rainfall region of Vidarbha.

 While the Upper Godavari sub basin is a part of prosperous sugar cane growing belt of Western

Maharashtra; its tributaries like Manjara and Wardha-Wainganga flow through the region where there is
still significant potential of local water systems.
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  The Godavari is the biggest of the east-flowing rivers of the peninsular India and the second largest

river draining in India. Godavari basin drains about 9.5% of India’s total geographical area. The
catchment area of the basin is 3,12,812 sq km extending over the states of……………………

Maharashtra (48.6%),

Telangana (20% ),

Madhya Pradesh (10.0%),

Andhra Pradesh (3.4%),

Chhattisgarh (10.9%),

Odisha (5.7%) &

 Karnataka (1.4%).

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 LENGTH OF RIVER & ITS MAJOR TRIBUTARIES 
S.No Name of River Length (km) Catchment Area (sq km)
1 Godavari 1465 312812
2 Upper Godavari (Source to Confluence) 675 33502
3 Pravara 208 6537
4 Purna 373 15579
5 Manjira 724 30844

6 Middle Godavari (Between confluence of Manjira and Pranahita) 328 17205

7 Maner 225 13106
8 Penganga 676 23898
9 Wardha 483 24087
10 Wainganga 580 49695
11 Pranhita 721 61093
12 Lower Godavari (Pranhita Confluence to Sea) 462 24869
13 Indravati 535 41655
14 Sabari 418 20427
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  Dams are a primary challenge faced by a river due to the profound ways in which they affect the

hydrology, ecology, sociology, continuum of the river. The number of dams constructed in Godavari
basin is the highest among all the river basins in India.
 According to MoWR (Ministry of Water
Resources), so far nearly 921 Dams, 28
Barrages, 18 Weirs, 1 Anicut, 62 Lifts and 16
Powerhouses have been constructed in
Godavari basin for irrigation, diversion or,
storage purpose. The basin has 70 Major
Irrigation Projects and 216 Minor Irrigation
Projects.
 'Vishnupuri Prakalp', Asia's largest Lift
irrigation project is constructed on the river
just 5 km away from Nanded city. Godavari has been dammed by Gangapur Dam right after its
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 IMPORTANT DAMS IN GODAVARI BASIN 
River/ Capacity Completio
Sr. No. Name of dam Name of the project Location
Tributary MCM n
1 Gangapur Dam Godavari Gangapur Major Nashik Dist Mah 215.88 1965
2 Darna Dam Darna Godavari (Darna) Nashik Dist Mah 215.9 1916
3 Karanjwan dam Kadwa Upper Godavari Nashik Dist Mah 175.6 1974
4 Bhandardara Pravara Pravara Ahmadnagar Mah 312.6 1926
5 Totladoh Dam 1241 1989
Pench Pench Irrigation Project Nagpur Dist Maharashtra
6 Kamtikhairi
7 Jaikwadi Dam Godavari Jaikwadi Stage-I, II Aurangabad Mah 2909.04 1976
8 Yeldari Dam Purna Purna Parbhani Mah 934.3 1958
9 Siddheshwar Manjra Singur Hingoli Dist Mah 250.85 1968
14 Gosikhurd Dam Wainganga Gosikhurd Bhandara Mah 1146.07 –
15 Isapur Dam Penganga Upper Penganga Washim Dist Mah 1.79 1979
16 Upper Wardha Wardha Upper Wardha Amravati Mah 802.98 1993
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(Source: Godavari Basin Profile by Central Water Commission)
 KRISHNA RIVER

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 Krishna River is one of the important east flowing peninsular rivers. It is the fourth largest river of India after

Ganga, Godavari and Brahmaputra. The river rises from the Western Ghats near Jor village of Satara
district of Maharashtra at an altitude of 1337 m just north of Mahabaleshwar and after traversing a length of
1400 km empties into the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi (near Koduru) in Andhra Pradesh.
Krishna Basin occupies an area of 2,58,948

sqkm which is nearly 8% of the total

geographical area of the country. Largest part

of the basin, nearly 44% lies in Karnataka.

26% of the basin falls in Maharashtra, about

15% in Telangana and another 15% in Andhra

Pradesh.
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 LENGTH OF RIVER & ITS MAJOR TRIBUTARIES 

SR. NO. TRIBUTARY LENGTH (KM)

1 Krishna 1435.07

2 Bhima 860.67

3 Tungabhadra 551.56

4 Musi 352.02

5 Malaprabha 325.74

6 Ghataprabha 298.73

7 Munneru 217.79

8 Varna 158.43

9 Koyna 151

10 Dudhganga 129.78

11 Panchganga 128.68
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(Source: Krishna Basin Profile by CWC)
 Table: Basin wise number and types of water resources structure 
(Source: Krishna Basin profile by CWC p.39)

Power
Sr. No. Sub-Basin Dams Barrages Weirs Anicuts Lifts
House

1 Bhima Lower 68 5 0 0 2 0

2 Bhima Upper 273 0 1 0 30 9

3 Krishna Lower 29 2 0 0 1 4

4 Krishna Middle 34 0 0 0 8 4

5 Krishna Upper 188 4 57 0 61 10

6 Tungabhadra Lower 37 0 0 3 4 3

7 Tungabhadra Upper 31 1 0 1 13 5

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 BHIMA RIVER
 Bhima River, major tributary of the Krishna River,

flowing through Maharashtra and Karnataka states,
western India. It rises in the Bhimashankar heights of
the Western Ghats and flows southeastward for 450
miles (725 km) in Maharashtra to join the Krishna in
Karnataka. Major tributaries are the Sina and Nira
rivers. The Bhima drainage area is defined by the
Western Ghats (west), the Balaghat Range (north),
and the Mahadeo Hills (south).

Sr. No. Sub-Basin Dams

1 Bhima Lower 68
2 Bhima Upper 273
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 Annexure II: Important dams in Bhima Basin
(Source: Krishna Basin Profile of Central Water Commission)

Sr. Storage Year of

Name of dam Name of the project Location
No. Capacity Completion

1 Khadakwasla dam 1.96 1880

Khadakwasla Major Pune Dist

2 Warasgaon dam 12.81 1993
Irrigation Project Maharashtra

3 Panshet dam 10.64 1972

Bhima Major Irrigation SolapurDist

4 Ujjani Dam 110 1980
Project Maharashtra

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 TAPI RIVER

 The Tapti River (or Tapi) is a river in central India between the Godavari and Narmada rivers which flows

westwards before draining into the Arabian Sea. 
 The river has a length of 724 km. Its origin is near Multai Reserve forest in MP.
 From there it enters Maharashtra and flows through western part of Vidarbha and Khandesh.
 From Maharashtra it flows into Gujarat, where its mouth is near Surat. 
 It flows through Surat, and is crossed by the Magdalla, ONGC Bridge.
 Prakasha Barage on Tapti River, at Prakasha
 On 7 August 1968, before the construction of the Ukai Dam to bring its waters under control and provide
hydroelectric power, the Tapti River overflowed its banks during heavy rains during the monsoon season.
 More than 1,000 people drowned in the flood, and the city of Surat was submerged beneath 10 feet of water
for several days. 

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ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 2. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
 The total replenishable groundwater resources in the country are about 432 cubic km.

 Table shows that the Ganga and the Brahmaputra basins, have about 46 per cent of the total replenishable

groundwater resources.

 The level of groundwater utilization is relatively high in the river basins lying in north-western region and parts

of south India.

 The groundwater utilization is very high in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu.

 However, there are States like Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Kerala, etc., which utilize only a small proportion of their

groundwater potentials.

 States like Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Tripura and Maharashtra are utilizing their ground water resources

at a moderate rate.

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ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 3. LAGOONS AND BACKWATERS
 India has a vast coastline and the coast is very indented in some states. Due to this, a number of

lagoons and lakes have formed.

 The States like Kerala, Odisha and West Bengal have vast surface water resources in these lagoons

and lakes. Although, water is generally brackish in these water-bodies, it is used for fishing and irrigating
certain varieties of paddy crops, coconut, etc.

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ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT OF
IRRIGATION IN INDIA
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 During the closing decades of the nineteenth century the country was stalked by successive famines.

 It led to setting up of a series of Famine Commissions.

 As a follow up, schemes like the Betwa canal in Uttar Pradesh, the Nira left bank canal in Maharashtra and

the Rushikulya system in Orissa were executed.

 The Godavari canal, the Pravara canal and the Nira right bank canal in Maharashtra, the Sarda canal in

Uttar Pradesh and the Gang canal in Rajasthan were some of the important works constructed in the pre-
independence period of the twentieth century.

 Three important reservoir projects namely, the Mettur reservoir in Tamil Nadu, the Krishnaraj Sagar in

Karnataka and Nizam Sagar in Andhra Pradesh were also completed during this period.

 In addition, many other big and small irrigation works like those mentioned above and also tanks and wells

were constructed.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 In good rainfall years extensive irrigation was possible while in bad years irrigation was limited to

availability of flows.

 It, however, provided food security to the population during famines to some extent.

 Very few storage dams were constructed during this period.

 Krishna raj sagar in karnataka, khadakwasala in maharashtra, periyar dam in kerala and mettur in

tamil nadu are noteworthy.

 During this period india witnessed few major famines of her entire life so better irrigation system

became mandatory.

 Significant protective works constructed during the period were the betwa canal (mp), the nira left

bank canal (maharashtra), the gokak canal (karnataka) and the rushikulya canal (odisha). Betwa
canal rushikulya river gokak fall

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 IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AFTER INDEPENDENCE
 To achieve set targets of economic development, the responsibility of irrigation development was

given to the Union Ministry of Water Resources

 It took initiatives from time to time on water resources development and for technical assistance to

the states on irrigation, multipurpose projects, ground water exploration and exploitation, drainage,
flood control, water logging, sea erosion problems, dam safety and hydraulic structures for
navigation and hydropower

 Also oversees the regulation and development of inter-State rivers

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 Irrigation development programs undertaken

Command Area Development & Water Management (CADWM): To provide central assistance for

development of infrastructure to facilitate use of sprinkler / drip irrigation systems as an alternative to

construction of field channels. The assistance is limited to construction of stilling tank, pump house and

laying of conveyance pipes up to farmer’s fields.

Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Program (AIBP): The AIBP was conceived in the year 1996 by the

Government of India in order to provide financial assistance to States to complete various ongoing

projects in the country so that envisaged irrigation potential of the project could be created and thereby

extend irrigation to more areas.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 WATER DEMAND AND UTILIZATION
 India has traditionally been an agrarian economy, and about two-third of its population have been

dependent on agriculture.

 Hence, development of irrigation to increase agricultural production has been assigned a very high priority

in the Five Year Plans, and multipurpose river valleys projects like the Bhakra-Nangal, Hirakud, Damodar
Valley, Nagarjuna Sagar, Indira Gandhi Canal Project, etc. have been taken up. In fact, India’s water
demand at present is dominated by irrigational needs.

 As shown in Fig. 6.2 and 6.3, agriculture accounts for most of the surface and ground water utilization, it

accounts for 89 per cent of the surface water and 92 per cent of the groundwater utilization.

 While the share of industrial sector is limited to 2 per cent of the surface water utilization and 5 per cent of

the ground-water, the share of domestic sector is higher (9 per cent) in surface water utilization as
compared to groundwater.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 DEMAND OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION
 In agriculture, water is mainly used for irrigation. Irrigation is needed because of spatio-temporal

variability in rainfall in the country.

 The large tracts of the country are deficient in rainfall and are drought prone. North-western India and

Deccan plateau constitute such areas.

 Winter and summer seasons are more or less dry in most part of the country. Hence, it is difficult to

practice agriculture without assured irrigation during dry seasons.

 Even in the areas of ample rainfall like West Bengal and Bihar, breaks in monsoon or its failure creates

dry spells detrimental for agriculture.

 Water need of certain crops also makes irrigation necessary. For instance, water requirement of rice,

sugarcane, jute, etc. is very high which can be met only through irrigation.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 Benefits of Irrigation
 Increase in agricultural production and productivity depends, to a large extent, on the availability of

water.

 Hence, the importance of irrigation is however, the availability of irrigation facilities which is highly

inadequate in India.

 For example, in 1950-51, gross irrigated area as percentage of gross cropped area was only 17%.

Even now 60% of gross cropped area depends on rain.

 That is why Indian agriculture is called a gamble in the monsoon.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
Importance of Irrigation:
1. Control of Drought and Famines Insufficient, uncertain and irregular rain causes uncertainty in

agriculture.

2. The period of rain is restricted to only four months in a year, June to September, when monsoon

arrives. The remaining eight months are dry.

3. There is some rainfall during the months of December and January in some parts of the country.

4. Even during monsoon , the rainfall is scanty and undependable in many parts of the country.

Sometimes the monsoon delayed considerably while sometimes they cease prematurely. This pushes
large areas of the country into drought conditions. With the help of irrigation, droughts and famines
can be effectively controlled.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
2. Higher productivity on irrigated land: Productivity on irrigated land is considerably more than the
productivity on un-irrigated land.

3. Multiple cropping possible: Since India has a tropical and sub-tropical climate, it has potentialities
to grow crops on a year round basis. However, since 80% of the annual rainfall is received in less than
four months, multiple cropping is generally not possible. Provision of irrigation facilities can make
possible the growing of two or three crops in a year in most areas of the country. This will considerably
enhance agriculture production and productivity.

4. Role in new agricultural strategy: The successful implementation of the High Yielding Programme
enhances agricultural production in a great intent.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
5. Bringing more land under cultivation: Total reporting area for land utilization statistics was 306.05
million hectares in 1999-2000. of this 19.44 million hectares was current fallow land. Current fallowed
include lands which are lying fallow for less than one year other than current fallows includes land lying
un-ploughed for one to five years.

Cultivable waste land comprises another 13.83 million hectares. Cultivation on all such lands is
impossible in some cases while in others it requires substantial capital investment to make land fit for
cultivation. Provision of irrigation facilities can make some portion of this land cultivable.

6. Reduces instability in output levels: Irrigation help in stabilizing the output and yield levels. It also
plays a protective role during drought years. Since, both income and employment are positively and
closely related to output, prevention of fall in output during drought is an important instrument for
achieving stability of income and employment in the countryside. Irrigation has enabled many states to
acquire ‘partial immunity’ from drought.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
7. Indirect benefits of irrigation: Irrigation confers indirect benefits through increased agricultural
production. Employment potential of irrigated lands, increase production, helps in developing allied
activities means of water transport etc. are improve income of government from agriculture. Availability
of regular water supply will increase the income of farmers imparting a sense of security and stability
in agriculture.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS

Irrigation projects are classified in different ways, however, in Indian context it is usually classified as
follows:

1. Major project: This type of project consists of huge surface water, storage reservoirs and flow diversion
structures. The area envisaged to be covered under irrigation is of the order over 10000 hectare.

2. Medium project: These are also surface water projects but with medium size storage and diversion
structures with the area under irrigation between 10000 hectare and 2000 hectare.

3. Minor project: The area proposed under irrigation for these schemes is below 2000Ha and the source
of water is either ground water or from wells or tube wells or surface water lifted by pumps or by gravity
flow from tanks. It could also be irrigated from through water from tanks.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
The major and medium irrigation projects are further classified as

1. Direct irrigation method

2. Storage irrigation method.

Each of the two classifications is explained in subsequent sections. But before that, it may be
worthwhile to discuss here a few terms related to irrigation projects which may also be called
irrigation schemes.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 2. Based on the Way of Water Application

The Irrigation schemes are classified into two types based on way of water application.

A. Gravity/Flow Irrigation Scheme: This is the type of irrigation system in which water is stored at a higher
elevation so as to enable supply to the land by gravity flow. Such irrigation schemes consists head
works across river to store the water and canal network to distribute the water.

The gravity irrigation scheme is further classified as:

i. Perennial Irrigation Scheme: In this scheme assured supply of water is made available to the
command area throughout the crop period to meet irrigation requirement of the crops.

ii. Non-Perennial Irrigation (Restricted Irrigation) Scheme: Canal supply is generally made
available in non-monsoon period from the storage.

B. Lift Irrigation Scheme: Irrigation systems in which water has to be pumped to the field or canal network
form lower elevations are categorized as lift irrigation schemes.
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 3. Some of the Major Irrigation Projects
Since independence, India has developed several major irrigation projects. Some of the major irrigation projects
are listed in Table below and also shown in figure.
 Table  Major irrigation projects of India

Name River State CCA, ha Year of

completion
Bhakra Nangal Project Sutlej Punjab and Himachal Pradesh 40,00,000 1963
Beas Project Beas River Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan 21,00,000 1974
Indira Gandhi Canal Harike (Satlej and Beas) Punjab 5, 28,000 1965
Koshi Project Kosi River Bihar and Nepal 8.48,000 1954
Hirakund Project Mahanadi Orisa 10,00,000 1957
Tungabhadra project Tungbhadra -Krishna AP-Karnataka 5,74,000 1953
Nagarjuna Sagar Project Krishna AP 13,13,000 1960
Chambal Project Chambal Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh 5,15,000 1960
Damodar valley project Damodar Jharkhand, West Bengal 8,23,700 1948
Gandak project Gandak Bihar-UP 16,51,700 1970
Kakrapar project Tapti Gujarat 1,51,180 1954
Koyna Project Koyna- krishna Maharashtra   1964
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 The Command Area Development and
Water Management (CADWM) Programme
 During the post-independence era, a large number of irrigation projects were constructed for increasing the agricultural

production in the country.

 However, during early seventies analysis of irrigation potential created and utilized revealed that there was a

substantial gap between them.

 The Irrigation Commission made specific recommendations in its report in 1972 that systematic development of

commands of irrigation projects should be taken up in order to fully utilize the irrigation potential created.

 Subsequently, a Committee of Ministers set up by the Ministry of Irrigation and Power analyzed the issue and

suggested in 1973 that a broad based Area Development Authority should be set up for every major irrigation project to
undertake the work of comprehensive area development.

 Based on this recommendation, the Government of India initiated a Centrally Sponsored Command Area Development

Programme (CADP) in December 1974 to improve the irrigation potential utilization and optimize the agricultural
production and productivity through integrated and coordinated approach of efficient water management.
ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 In tune with the objectives of programme, a number of components such as construction of field

channels and field drains, enforcement of warabandi, land leveling and shaping, realignment of field
boundaries, consolidation of holdings, introduction of suitable cropping patterns, strengthening of
extension services, etc. were included in the programme.

 Subsequently, in view of the emergent needs, a few more components like farmers’ participation

and reclamation of waterlogged areas were also included in the programme on 1st April, 1996 to
make the programme more beneficial to the farmers.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 A review of the Programme implementation during the VIII and IX Five Year Plan periods revealed

that the micro level distribution network for supply of water to individual holdings had been created
in about 16 million ha and rotational supply of irrigation water had been enforced in about 11 million
ha.

 A number of constraints such as unreliability of water supply at the outlet due to the deficiencies in

the irrigation system above the outlet, absence of link and intermediate drains to let out surplus
water into main drains, non-inclusion of minor irrigation projects from non-hilly areas, low priority by
the State Governments to extension and training activities, non-revision of cost norms for various
activities since VIII Plan etc. were also noticed during the review. In view of these constraints, the
programme was restructured for the remaining period of X Plan (2004-07) and renamed as
‘Command Area Development and Water Management Programme (CADWM Programme)’ to
make it more comprehensive and beneficial to farmers. Ministry of Water Resources, Government
of India is the implementing authority of the programme.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 Main Objectives of CAD

 The main objectives covered under the programme are:- To Bridge the gap between potential created

and their utilization through micro level infrastructure development and efficient farm water management
practices. o Optimization of agricultural productivity & production, and o Improvement in socio-economic
conditions of farmers

 CAD Coverage Initially, 60 major and medium irrigation projects wear taken up under CAD Programme

(starting 1974-75), covering a Culturable Command Area (CCA) of about 15.00 million hectare. After
inclusion of new projects, deletion of completed projects and clubbing of some projects, there were 145
active projects with CCA of 16.02 mha, which eventually now covers CCA of 22.16 million hectares
spread over 23 States and 2 Union Territories. It was implemented as a State Sector Scheme during the
XI Five Year Plan (2008-09 to 2011-12).

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 Main Components of CAD The Programme includes the following components:-

a. On-Farm Development (OFD) works i.e. Development of field channels and field drains within the command
of each outlet; land leveling; reclamation of waterlogged areas (since April 1996); enforcement of a proper
system of Warabandi and fair distribution of water to the fields; realignment of field boundaries wherever
necessary (if possible, consolidation of holding); supply of all inputs and services including credit;
strengthening of extension services; and, encouraging farmers for participatory irrigation management (PIM).

b. Selection and introduction of suitable cropping pattern.

c. Development of groundwater to supplement surface irrigation.

d. Modernization, maintenance and efficient operation of the irrigation system upto the outlet of one-cusec
capacity (irrigation sector).

e. Correction of System Deficiencies

f. Desilting of Tanks in CAD Commands for augmenting supplies

g. Bio-Drainage (selective areas).

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 The Command Area Development and Water Management (CADWM) Programme was started initially in

December 1974 to improve the irrigation potential utilization and optimize the agricultural production and
productivity through integrated and coordinated approach of efficient water management. Subsequently,
the scope of the programme was expanded by incorporating new activities under the programme.

 The Ministry of Water Resources coordinates and monitors the implementation of CADWM at the

national level and the Programme is being implemented through the Command Area Development
Authorities (CADAs) at the State level.

 Initially, 60 major and medium irrigation projects wear taken up under the Programme (starting 1974-75),

covering a Culturable Command Area (CCA) of about 15.00 million hectare.

 After inclusion of new projects, deletion of completed projects and clubbing of some projects, there were

145 active projects with CCA of 16.02 mha, which eventually now covers CCA of 22.16 million hectares
spread over 23 States and 2 Union Territories.

 It was implemented as a State Sector Scheme during the XI Five Year Plan (2008-09 to 2011-12).
ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 Impact of Irrigation on Environment

 The environmental impacts of irrigation relate to the changes in quantity and quality

of soil and water as a result of irrigation and the effects on natural and social conditions in river
basins and downstream of an irrigation scheme.

 The impacts stem from the altered hydrological conditions caused by the installation and

operation of the irrigation scheme.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 DIRECT EFFECTS
An irrigation scheme draws water from groundwater, rivers, lakes or overland flow, and distributes it

over an area. 

Hydrological, or direct, effects of doing this include reduction in downstream river flow,

increased evaporation in the irrigated area, increased level in the water table as groundwater
recharge in the area is increased and flow increased in the irrigated area.

Likewise, irrigation has immediate effects on the provision of moisture to the atmosphere, inducing

atmospheric instabilities and increasing downwind rainfall, or in other cases modifies the atmospheric
circulation, delivering rain to different downwind areas. 

Increases or decreases in irrigation are a key area of concern in precipitation shed studies, that

examine how significant modifications to the delivery of evaporation to the atmosphere can alter
downwind rainfall.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 INDIRECT EFFECTS

Indirect effects are those that have consequences that take longer to develop and may also be longer-lasting. The
indirect effects of irrigation include the following:

i. Waterlogging
ii. Soil salination
iii. Ecological damage

iv. Socioeconomic impacts
The indirect effects of waterlogging and soil salination occur directly on the land being irrigated.
The ecological and socioeconomic consequences take longer to happen but can be more far-reaching.

Some irrigation schemes use water wells for irrigation. As a result, the overall water level decreases. This may

cause water mining, land/soil subsidence, and, along the coast, saltwater intrusion.

Irrigated land area worldwide occupies about 16% of the total agricultural area and the crop yield of irrigated land is

roughly 40% of the total yield. In other words, irrigated land produces 2.5 times more product than non-irrigated land.
This article will discuss some of the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of irrigation.
ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 ADVERSE IMPACTS

i. Reduced river flow.

ii. The reduced downstream river flow may cause: reduced downstream flooding.
iii. Disappearance of ecologically and economically important wetlands or flood forests.

iv. Reduced availability of industrial, municipal, household, and drinking water, reduced shipping routes.

v. Water withdrawal poses a serious threat to the Ganges. In India, barrages control all of the tributaries to
the Ganges and divert roughly 60 percent of river flow to irrigation, reduced fishing opportunities.
vi. Reduced discharge into the sea, which may have various consequences like coastal erosion (e.g.,

in Ghana) and salt water intrusion in delta's and estuaries (e.g. in Egypt, see Aswan dam). Current water
withdrawal from the river Nile for irrigation is so high that, despite its size, in dry periods the river does not
reach the sea. The Aral Sea has suffered an "environmental catastrophe" due to the interception of river
water for irrigation purposes.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 Increased groundwater recharge, waterlogging, soil salinity

 Looking over the shoulder of a Peruvian farmer in the Huarmey delta at waterlogged and salinized irrigated

land with a poor crop stand.
 This illustrates an environmental impact of upstream irrigation developments causing an increased flow
of groundwater to this lower-lying area, leading to adverse conditions.

 Increased groundwater recharge stems from the unavoidable deep

percolation losses occurring in the irrigation scheme. The lower the
irrigation efficiency, the higher the losses. Although fairly high irrigation
efficiencies of 70% or more (i.e. losses of 30% or less) can occur with
sophisticated techniques like sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation, or
by well managed surface irrigation, in practice the losses are
commonly in the order of 40% to 60%.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 This may cause the following issues:
i. Rising water tables

ii. Reduced downstream river water quality

iii. Affected downstream water users

iv. Lost land use opportunities

v. Flooding as a consequence of land subsidence

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 NATIONAL WATER POLICY
The functions of the National Water Resources Council will be as follows:
i. To lay down the National Water Policy and to review it from time to time.
ii. To consider and review water development plans submitted to it (including alternative plans) by the National
Water Development Agency, the River Basin Commissions, etc.
iii. To recommend acceptance of water plans with such modifications as may be considered appropriate and
necessary.
iv. To direct carrying out such further studies as may be necessary for fuller consideration of the plans or
components thereof.
v. To advise on the modalities of resolving inter-State differences with regard to specific elements of water plans
and such other issues that may arise during planning or implementation of the projects.
vi. To advise practices and procedures, administrative arrangements and regulations for the fair distribution
and utilization of water resources by different beneficiaries keeping in view optimum development
and the maximum benefits to the people.
ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 National Water Policy – 1987 
The NWRC adopted the first National Water Policy in its 2 nd meeting held in September, 1987. Important views
and the same was circulated to the central ministries and States for implementation. Some of the important
points of NWP-1987 are as follows:
Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious national asset. Planning and

development of water resources need to be governed by national perspectives.

The prime requisite for resource planning is a well-developed information system. A standardized national

information system should be established with a network of data banks and data bases, integrating and
strengthening the existing Central and State level agencies and improving the quality of data and the
processing capabilities.
The water resources available to the country should be brought within the category of utilizable resources to

the maximum possible extent.

Resource planning in the case of water has to be done for a hydrological unit such as a drainage basin as a

whole, or for a sub-basin.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 Appropriate organizations should be established for the planned development and management of a river basin
as a whole. Special multidisciplinary units should be set up in each state to prepare comprehensive plans
taking into account not only the needs of irrigation but also harmonizing various other water uses, so that the
available water resources are determined and put to optimum use having regard to subsisting agreements or
awards of Tribunals under the relevant laws.
 Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from other areas including transfers from one
river basin to another, based on a national perspective, after taking into account the requirements of the
areas/basins. 
 Water resource development projects should as far as possible be planned and developed as multipurpose
projects. Provision for drinking water should be a primary consideration. 
 Exploitation of ground water resources should be so regulated as not to exceed the recharging possibilities, as
also to ensure social equity.
 Integrated and coordinated development of surface water and ground water and their conjunctive use, should
be envisaged right from the project planning stage and should form an essential part of the project.
ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 In the planning and operation of systems, water allocation priorities should be broadly as follows:
 Drinking water
 Irrigation
 Hydro-power
 Navigation
 Industrial and other uses.
 However these priorities might be modified if necessary in particular regions with reference to area
specific considerations.
 There should be a close integration of water-use and land-use policies.
 Water allocation in an irrigation system should be done with due regard to equity and social justice.
Disparities in the availability of water between head-reach and tail-end farms and between large and
small farms should be obviated by adoption of a rotational water distribution system and supply of
water on a volumetric basis subject to certain ceilings.
ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 Water rates should be such as to convey the scarcity value of the resource to the users and to foster the
motivation for economy in water use. They should be adequate to cover the annual maintenance and
operation charges and a part of the fixed costs.
 There should be a water zoning of the country and the economic activities should be guided and
regulated in accordance with such zoning.
 There should be a master plan for flood control and management for each flood prone basin. Sound
watershed management through extensive soil conservation, catchment- area treatment, preservation of
forests and increasing the forest area and the construction of check dams should be promoted to
reduce the intensity of floods.
 Adequate flood- cushion should be provided in water storage projects wherever feasible to facilitate
better flood management.
 An extensive network for flood forecasting should be established for timely warning to the settlements in
the flood plains, along with the regulation of settlements and economic activity in the flood plain zones,
to minimize the loss of life and property on account of floods.
ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 National Water Policy – 2002

 National Water Policy – 2012

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 Ministry of Jal Shakti

Draft National Water Policy

Posted On: 19 MAR 2020 5:15PM by PIB Delhi

Central Government formulated the National Water Policy in 1987, which was subsequently reviewed and
revised in the year 2002 and 2012. The National Water Policy has been sent to all States/ UTs for appropriate
action. As per available information, 16 States/UT have formulated and adopted their State Water Policies.

Some of the actions taken by the Central Government in accordance with the principles indicated in the third
National Water Policy (2012) are as follows:

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 The Inter-State River Water Disputes (Amendment) Bill, 2019 was introduced in Lok Sabha on 25.07.2019 and was
subsequently passed by Lok Sabha.

 Ministry of Jal Shakti has prepared a draft National Water Framework Bill and draft River Basin Management Bill, 2018,
which have been circulated to States / UTs for comments.

 Dam Safety Bill, 2019 was prepared and introduced in Lok Sabha on 29th July, 2019. The bill was subsequently passed
by Lok Sabha.

 National Water Informatics Centre has been established under National Hydrology Project.

 Central Water Commission has completed a study titled “Reassessment of Water Availability in India using Space Inputs”.

 Central Ground Water Board has prepared a conceptual document titled “Master Plan for Artificial Recharge to Ground
Water in India” during the year 2013, which envisages construction of different types of artificial recharge and rainwater
harvesting structures in the country.

 A web based Water Resources Information System (India WRIS) has been set up and all unclassified data of Central
Water Commission and Central Ground Water Board have been uploaded on the website.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
  Since the adoption of National Water Policy 2012, many challenges including water

scarcity have emerged significantly in water sector. With a goal to address the present
challenges in water sector, revision of National Water Policy 2012 has been envisaged
by the Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation,
Ministry of Jal Shakti and a drafting committee has been constituted on 5th November,
2019 to revise the National Water Policy.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 Learning Outcome
 Student can understand the available water resources in India. The importance of water

for human life and country growth.

 Student can understand about the National Water Policy.

 Concepts of irrigation and different hydraulic structures.

 Be able to plan and design irrigation projects.

 Design channels and other irrigation structures required for irrigation, drainage, soil

conservation, flood control and other water-management projects.

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 References:
 Irrigation and Water Power Engineering: B.C. Punmia, Pande B.B. Lal, A.K Jain. Laxmi Publications

Pvt, Ltd. New Delhi.

 Irrigation Water Resources and Water Power Engineering: P.N. Modi, Standard Book House, Delhi,

ISBN 978-81-87401-29-0.

 Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures: S.K. Ukarande, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.ISBN,

9789383656899.

 Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulics Structures: S. K. Garg, Khanna Publishers. Delhi.

 Design of Irrigation Structures: S. K. Sharma, S. Chand and Co.

 Theory and Design of Irrigation Structures: R. S. Varshney and R, C. Gupta, Nem Chand

ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION
 THANK YOU
ARMIET/CIVIL/SEM-6/WRE-1/INTRODUCTION