Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 16 views

    Lecture 3-4 Computer Organization and Architecture

    Uploaded by

    shashank kumar
    This document discusses the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and its role in the central processing unit (CPU). It explains that the CPU contains an ALU and control unit. The ALU performs operations on data stored in registers and memory. There are different types of registers including general purpose, special purpose, and accumulator registers. The document outlines the four main types of micro-operations that an ALU performs: register transfer, arithmetic, logical, and shift operations. It provides examples of common operations for each type.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture 3-4 Computer Organization and Architecture

    Uploaded by

    shashank kumar
    16 views7 pages
    This document discusses the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and its role in the central processing unit (CPU). It explains that the CPU contains an ALU and control unit. The ALU performs operations on data stored in registers and memory. There are different types of registers including general purpose, special purpose, and accumulator registers. The document outlines the four main types of micro-operations that an ALU performs: register transfer, arithmetic, logical, and shift operations. It provides examples of common operations for each type.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and its role in the central processing unit (CPU). It explains that the CPU contains an ALU and control unit. The ALU performs operations on data stored in registers and memory. There are different types of registers including general purpose, special purpose, and accumulator registers. The document outlines the four main types of micro-operations that an ALU performs: register transfer, arithmetic, logical, and shift operations. It provides examples of common operations for each type.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    16 views7 pages

    Lecture 3-4 Computer Organization and Architecture

    Uploaded by

    shashank kumar
    This document discusses the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and its role in the central processing unit (CPU). It explains that the CPU contains an ALU and control unit. The ALU performs operations on data stored in registers and memory. There are different types of registers including general purpose, special purpose, and accumulator registers. The document outlines the four main types of micro-operations that an ALU performs: register transfer, arithmetic, logical, and shift operations. It provides examples of common operations for each type.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Computer Organization and Architecture

    CSEN 2202
    Lecture 3 – 4
    20/01/2020

    Dr. Debranjan Sarkar


    Arithmetic Logic Unit
    • CPU = ALU + CU
    • ALU executes instructions on the operand data stored in registers/
    memory
    • Registers vs. memory
    • A register is a temporary storage area built into a CPU
    • Some registers are used internally and cannot be accessed outside
    the processor
    • Some registers are user-accessible
    • Most modern CPU architectures include both types of registers
    • Memory also holds the data that can be directly accessed by the CPU
    • Register holds the data that the CPU is currently processing whereas,
    the memory holds program instruction and data that the program
    requires for execution
    Arithmetic Logic Unit
    • CPU Registers:
    • Accumulator
    • General Purpose Registers
    • Special Purpose Registers
    • Program Counter (PC)
    • Instruction Register (IR)
    • Stack Pointer (SP)
    • Base Register (BR)
    • Memory Address Register (MAR)
    • Memory Buffer / data Register (MBR / MDR)
    • Status Register or Program Status Word (PSW)
    Arithmetic Logic Unit
    • An operation performed on the data stored in registers is called micro-operation
    • A micro-operation is an elementary CPU operation, performed during one clock
    pulse. An instruction consists of one or more micro-operations.
    • Mainly there are four categories of micro-operations:
    • Register transfer micro-operations
    • Arithmetic micro-operations Memory R/W’
    MAR
    • Logical micro-operation
    • Shift micro-operations
    MBR

    • Register Transfer Language (RTL)


    • Symbolic notation to describe the µ-instruction “Transfer between registers”
    • Example: R1 ← R2
    Arithmetic Logic Unit
    • Memory Transfer
    • When the information is transferred from a memory, it is “read”
    • When the information is stored into a memory, it is “write”
    • In both the cases, the memory word is specified by an “address”
    • A memory unit receives the address from a register “MAR”
    • For memory read operation, the data from the memory is transferred to another register called “MDR”
    or “MBR”
    • The data to be written into the memory should be available in the “MDR” for memory write operation.
    • Memory Transfer
    • Read operation: Memory to CPU MBR ← M[MAR]
    • Write operation: CPU to memory [MBR] ← [R]
    M[MAR] ← [MBR]
    • Arithmetic micro-operation
    • Basic arithmetic micro-operations are
    • Addition R1 ← R2 + R3
    • Subtraction R1 ← R2 - R3
    • Increment R1 ← R1 + 1
    • Decrement R1 ← R1 – 1
    etc. etc.
    Arithmetic Logic Unit
    • Logical micro-operation
    • Basic logical micro-operations are
    • AND R1 ← R2 ꓴ R3
    • OR R1 ← R2 ∩ R3
    • Complement R1 ← NOT(R1)

    • Shift micro-operation
    • Basic shift micro-operations are
    • Left shift by n bitsR1 ← R1 << n
    • Right shift by n bits R1 ← R1 >> n
    Thank you

    You might also like