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    Lecture No. (6) : Crude Oil Refining

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    dana mohammed
    The document discusses crude oil refining and properties. It describes distillation as a standard technique used to predict refining qualities and provide distillation cuts. Distillation tests give indications of product types and qualities that can be obtained. The tests also compare petroleum types through residuum yields and qualities. Key results are boiling point curves showing boiling points of fractions versus volumes vaporized. The document also defines octane number and cetane number, which measure gasoline and diesel fuel qualities respectively.

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    Lecture No. (6) : Crude Oil Refining

    Uploaded by

    dana mohammed
    41 views13 pages
    The document discusses crude oil refining and properties. It describes distillation as a standard technique used to predict refining qualities and provide distillation cuts. Distillation tests give indications of product types and qualities that can be obtained. The tests also compare petroleum types through residuum yields and qualities. Key results are boiling point curves showing boiling points of fractions versus volumes vaporized. The document also defines octane number and cetane number, which measure gasoline and diesel fuel qualities respectively.

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    06 P. P. Lecture NO. 6

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    The document discusses crude oil refining and properties. It describes distillation as a standard technique used to predict refining qualities and provide distillation cuts. Distillation tests give indications of product types and qualities that can be obtained. The tests also compare petroleum types through residuum yields and qualities. Key results are boiling point curves showing boiling points of fractions versus volumes vaporized. The document also defines octane number and cetane number, which measure gasoline and diesel fuel qualities respectively.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    41 views13 pages

    Lecture No. (6) : Crude Oil Refining

    Uploaded by

    dana mohammed
    The document discusses crude oil refining and properties. It describes distillation as a standard technique used to predict refining qualities and provide distillation cuts. Distillation tests give indications of product types and qualities that can be obtained. The tests also compare petroleum types through residuum yields and qualities. Key results are boiling point curves showing boiling points of fractions versus volumes vaporized. The document also defines octane number and cetane number, which measure gasoline and diesel fuel qualities respectively.

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    You are on page 1of 13

    Lecture no.

    (6): Crude oil Refining


    Properties of oil Lecture NO.6

    15. Distillation (True Boiling


    A standard
    Point laboratory
    test TBP): technique used to predict the refining
    qualities of crude petroleum; gives distillation cuts for gasoline,
    kerosene, distillate (diesel) fuel, etc.

    The distillation tests give an indication of the types of products


    and the quality of the products that can be obtained from
    petroleum.

    The tests are used to compare different petroleum types


    through the yield and quality of the residuum fraction.

    The boiling range gives information on the composition, the


    properties, and the behavior of petroleum and derived
    products during storage and use.
    2
    Properties of oil Lecture NO.6

    Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency


    of hydrocarbon mixtures to produce potentially explosive
    vapors.
    The mainly products of crude oil distillation
    Product Boiling range o C
    Gas < 15.5
    Gasoline (light naphtha) 15.5 - 149
    Kerosene (medium naphtha) 149 - 232
    Gas oil 232 – 343
    Light vacuum gas oil 343 – 371
    Heavy vacuum gas oil 371 – 556
    Residuum > 566

    3
    Properties of oil Lecture NO.6

    Distillation
    Column

    4
    Properties of oil Lecture NO.6

    5
    Properties of oil Lecture NO.6

    6
    Properties of oil Lecture NO.6

    Bubble cap

    tray consists of a slotted cap


    on a central riser.
    The gas flows up through the riser, reverse flow under the cap,
    passes downward through the annulus between riser and cap, and
    finally passes into the liquid through a series of openings or 7
    Properties of oil Lecture NO.6

    A key result from a distillation test is the boiling point curve,


    that is, the boiling point of the oil fraction versus the fraction of
    oil vaporized.

    8
    Properties of oil Lecture NO.6

    16. Octane
    number:
    The octane number is a measure of the knocking
    of a fuel in a laboratory gasoline engine.
    characteristics

    Knocking is explosion caused by its premature burning in the


    combustion chamber.

    We determine the octane number of a fuel by measuring its


    knocking value compared to the knocking of a mixture of n-
    heptane and isooctane or 2-2-4-trimethylpentane (224TMP).

    A mixture of 30% heptane and 70% isooctane has an octane


    number of 70.

    9
    Properties of oil Lecture NO.6

    Octane number:

    The octane number of n-heptane is 0 while for iso-octane is100, by


    definition.

    10
    Properties of oil Lecture NO.6

    17. Cetane
    number:CN
    The cetane number is a measurement of the combustion quality
    of diesel fuel during compression ignition. It is a significant
    expression of diesel fuel.

    In short, the higher the Cetane number the more easily the fuel
    will combust in a compression setting.

    Normal modern highway diesels run best with a fuel rated


    cetane number between 45 and 55.

    The optical method for determining cetane requires the use of


    an industry standard test engine equipped with accepted
    instrumentation and operated under specific conditions.

    11
    Properties of oil Lecture NO.6

    The disadvantages are:

    1. The high purchase cost ($500,000


    plus), ongoing maintenance, and operating cost
    2. Requirement for trained staff and
    expertise for operation and maintenance
    3. Poor reliability and accuracy of results

    Many agencies rely on standards developed by ASTM


    International to accurately calculate cetane index. ASTM
    D4737 provides a formula based on four fuel variables.

    They include the density of the fuel as well as the recovery


    temperature at three cooling intervals.

    12
    Properties of oil Lecture NO.6

    Cetane Index Equation by


    ASTM D4737

    13

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