Hypothesis

Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis
logical supposition
and educated guess
based on
observation.
Kinds of Hypothesis
•Null Hypothesis (Ho)
• Alternative
Hypothesis (Ha)
Example
State the null and
alternative
hypothesis for the
following statements
Example 1.
Significant difference in
leadership performance of
sectarian and non-sectarian
school administrator
Ho:
There is no significant
difference in leadership
performance of sectarian
and non-sectarian school
administrator
Ha:
There is significant
difference in leadership
performance of sectarian
and non-sectarian school
administrator
Example 2.
Significant relationship
between the attitude score
and academic performance
Ho:
There is no significant
relationship between the
attitude score and academic
performance
Ha:
There is significant
relationship between the
attitude score and academic
performance
Example 3.
An inspector has to choose
between certifying a
building as safe or saying
that the building is not safe.
Ho:
The building is not safe
Ha:
The building is safe
Type I and Type II
Errors
2 Types of Errors are shown
on the table below
Decision Ho is true Ha is true
Reject Ho Type I error Correct

decision
Do not Correct Type II error
reject Ho decision
Type I error
The first type of error
committed is when the null
hypothesis is rejected
wherein it is the true
solution to the problem
Type II error
The second type of error
committed is when the
alternative hypothesis is
rejected wherein it is the
true solution to the problem
Example 1.
An inspector has to choose
between certifying a
building as safe or saying
that the building is not safe.
Example 1.
Decision Ho is true Ha is true
Reject “building is
Reject Ho not safe” when it Correct decision
is not safe (type I
error)
Accept “building is
Do not reject Ho Correct decision not safe” when it
is safe (Type II
error)
Level of
significance
The significance level is the
criterion used for rejecting
the null hypothesis.
Choice of levels is largely
subjective and most
common choices is for the
level of significance are
α= 0.05 and α= 0.01
α= 0.05
The researcher is 95%
confident that the
alternative hypothesis is
true
α= 0.01
The researcher is 99%
confident that he is making
the right decision
Rejection and
Acceptance
Regions
Rejection Region
The location is determined
by the nature of the
alternative hypothesis,
whether the hypothesis is
one- tail or two-tailed test.
Rejection Region
The region in which the null
hypothesis is rejected if the
test statistics falls within it.
One Tailed Test
Test of any statistical
hypothesis, where the
alternative is one- sided.
One Tailed Test
It is a directional statement
of the alternative hypothesis
wherein only one meaning
can be interpreted from it
One Tailed Test
Example. One Tailed Test
Ho: The average income of
skilled worker in the Philippines
is not greater than 300 Php.
Ha: The average income of a
skilled worker in the Philippines
is greater than 300 Php
Example. One Tailed Test
Because the alternative
hypothesis is stated directional.
greater than 300 Php has only
one meaning
Two Tailed Test
The statement is stated as
non- directional.
Two Tailed Test
Non- directional means that
there are two ideas that could
be interpreted from the very
way how the alternative
hypothesis is stated.
Example. Two Tailed Test
Ho: There is no significant difference in
the leadership performance of
sectarian and non- sectarian school
administrator
Ha: There is significant difference in the
leadership performance of sectarian
and non- sectarian school
administrator
Example. Two Tailed Test
Significant difference in the
leadership performance can be
interpreted that the sectarian
perform well than the non-
sectarian or other way around.
Two Tailed Test
α is the total area in the two
tails.
Two Tailed Test
Example, if you are testing at
5% level of significance, each
tail, left or right contains α/2
Two Tailed Test
Common critical
values of z
Common critical values of z
Example 1.
What are the critical values for
two- tailed test if α = 0.05?
Example 2.
If the confidence interval is 99%, then
what ;
a. Is the level of significance?
b. Are the critical values for a two
tailed test?
Central Limit
Theorem (CLT)
Central Limit Theorem
States that one take more samples
from a population, the sampling
distribution of the mean can be
approximated closely with a
normal distribution
Is intended for further
understanding and more thorough
application especially for
hypothesis testing
Can be used for questions about

sample means from a sufficiently
large sample size.
z- value formula
Example 1.
There are 64 pawikan hatchings in a marine
sanctuary in Batangas which can creep their
way to the sea from the shore at an average
speed of 0.025 m/s with standard deviation of
0.012m/s. If 16 pawikan hatchings are chosen
at random, what is the probability that they
have an average speed of :
Less than 0.03 meter per second?
Example 2.
There are 200 pieces of squash at a
vegetable show that weigh an average of 6
kilograms with a standard deviation of 4kg.
If 4 pcs of squash are chosen at random,
what is the probability they have an
average weight between 4kg and 12.5 kg?

Hypothesis

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Hypothesis

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Hypothesis Testing

Reject Ho Type I error Correct

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